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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The science of mental processes and behavior
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Psychology
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Mental functions pertaining to the action or
process of knowing – Perception, attention, memory, knowledge representation, decision making, language, problem solving, etc… |
cognition
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What is cognitive psychology?
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The scientific study of how people perceive,
learn, remember, think about, and act on information |
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Reality lies in the abstract
ideas of objects that exist in our minds. The only route to truth is reasoned contemplation. |
rationalism
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Reality lies only in the concrete
B.C.) world of objects that our bodies sense. The only route to truth is meticulous observation. |
Empiricism
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Mind is immaterial
Brain is physical |
Dualism from Descartes
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Measures interval
between stimulus presentation and person’s response to stimulus |
Reaction‐time (RT)
experiment |
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Measuring how long a
cognitive process takes |
Mental chronometry
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Came up with Reaction Time Experiment and Mental Chronometry
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Donders
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Participant a
Choice RT task pushes Participant one button quickly after a light appears |
Simple RT task
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Participant
pushes button if light is on right side, another if light is on left side |
Choice RT task
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Claimed Mental responses cannot
be measured directly but can be inferred from the participant’s behavior |
Donders
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Savings curve method for
studying forgetting |
Ebbinghaus
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First psychology laboratory
University of Leipzig, Germany |
Wundt
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Experience is determined by
combining elements of experience called sensations |
Structuralism
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Participants trained to describe
experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli |
Analytic introspection
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Founder of introspection and structuralism
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Wundt
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Wrote Principles of Psychology (1890)
1200 pages Based on introspection |
William James
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what did John Watson say about introspection?
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Extremely variable results
from person to person • Results difficult to verify |
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What was John Watson the founder of?
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Behaviourism
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Eliminate the mind as a
topic of study • Instead, study directly observable behavior |
Behaviorism
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Fill in the blanks for classical conditioning:
Unconditional Stimulus (___) => _________ (salivation) Pair _____ stimulus (bell) with ______ stimulus (food) after many pairings _____ stimulus becomes ______ stimulus (bell) and leads to _____ response (salivation) |
(food)
unconditional response neutral unconditional neutral conditioned conditioned |
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Classical conditioning of fear
9‐month‐old became frightened by a rat after a loud noise was paired with every presentation of the rat |
“Little Albert” experiment
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Shape behavior by
rewards or punishments |
Operant conditioning
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founder of operant conditioning
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B.F. Skinner
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proposed radical behaviourism
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B.F. Skinner
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Argued children learn
language through operant conditioning • Children imitate speech they hear • Correct speech is rewarded |
B.F. Skinner - Radical Behaviourism
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Argued children do not only
learn language through imitation and reinforcement – Children say things they have never heard and can not be imitating – Children say things that are incorrect and have not been rewarded for • Language must be determined by inborn biological program |
Noam Chomsky
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trained rats
to find food in a four armed maze |
Tolman
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What are the two confilcting interpretations regarding Tolman's four armed maze experiment?
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Behaviorism predicts that the rats learned to
“turn right to find food” • Tolman believed that the rats had created a cognitive map of the maze and were navigating to a specific arm |
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Anything
that can be computed is computable by a simple “universal machine”, i.e. a Turing machine To the extent that what the mind does is compute, a computer program can duplicate it |
computability
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who came up with the concept of computability?
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Alan Turing
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Mental functions can be explained by the use of
experiments following the scientific method – Cognition consists of internal mental states whose manipulation can be described in terms of algorithms (i.e. computations). |
Cognitivism
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