Cognitive Psych Exam 2

Front 1

attention def.

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refers to the process we use to monitor internal and external environment

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habituation

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process of being accustomed to a stimuli and gradually noticing it less and less

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dehabituation

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when a change in a familiar stimulus causes us to notice it again

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two main functions of attention

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selective and divided attention

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selective attention def.

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monitoring and responding to only one source of information e.g lectures

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benefits of selective attention

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improves ability to us info for other cognitive processes e.g. remember things

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multimode theory of selective attention

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attentional mode as a strategic choice
we control shifts in attention from early modes (physical features) to late modes (based on meaning)

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way of measuring mental effort

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dual task paradigm

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dual task paradigms

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do two tasks at once degree of performance drop indicates amount of mental effort

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Johnston and Hoinz dual paradigm task

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3 difficulty levels, binuaral (both lists both ears), ignore one word type and say only other word type (jobs, city)
I.E. takes more cognitive effort to selectively attend based on meaning

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ADHD
cause
treatment

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3 types focusing only on inattentive
no known cause
psychotherapy and meds

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I.I.'s

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implementation intentions
if x occurs then I will do y

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Gaurrilow and Gollwitzer study

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"go-no-go tasks"
conclusion reduced impulsive behavior

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Autism

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developmental disorder
symptoms withdrawal from contact with others
typically don't make eye contact

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Klin et al autism study

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tracked autistic verse non autistic children s eye movements
conclusion autsistic people look more at things rather than at peoples actions

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Divided attention

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2nd function of attention
monitoring and responding to more than one source of info
e.g. driving and listening to radio

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automatic processing

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tasks that don't demand attention or demand little

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bottleneck approach

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divided attention:
dual task interference results as process must "wait in line"

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Daniel Kahneman divided attention study

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no central bottleneck
divided attention associated with complex task sharing

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beedo and kass divided attention

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subjects perform simulated driving task hand held phone, hands free phone, no distraction
distracted driving lead to multiple performance deficits

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declaritive memory brain region

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medial temporal lobe (more flexible/efficient)

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dual tasks brain region

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striatum associated with habit memory (implicit memory) less control than with declaritive

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multitask situations distractions...

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not inhibit learning however you may not be able to apply the knowledge as easily

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tasks using different modalities (senses)

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can interfere with each other to some degree but not as much as with the same sense.

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automatic vs. controlled processing

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resource requirements for tasks differ

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automatic (8)

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easy, fast, effortless, doesn't take attention capacity
parrallel, after practice, unintentional, outside awareness

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controlled (8)

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difficult, slow, effortful, takes attention capacity, serial, without practice, intentional, conscious awareness

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stroop task
stroop effect

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ink color word color test
reqading ink color not word color

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advantages of automaticity

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adaptive given limited working memory
e.g listen to radio while driving

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disadvantages of automaticity

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Action slips

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system immediate memory (SIM)

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Also know as working memory is in constant use

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executive functions determine

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largely determine whats in your immediate memory

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executive attention

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the process by which we strategically direct our attention in response to situational demands

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executive functions def

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a collection of correlated but seperable control processes that regulate lower level cognitive processes to shape complex performance

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importance of exec. functions

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ind. vary in control of thoughts and actions
key mechanisms in normal and abnormal cognition i.e ADHD, substance abuse, normal functioning

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3 most studied exec funtions

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inhibition, updating working memory, task switching

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inhibition (e.f)

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executive function ability to screen out what is irrelevant as it might cause interferance. i.e. blocking out noise and stroop effect

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updating WM (e.f.)

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ability to monitor incoming info for relevance to a task at hand and update old info with new

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task switching (e.f)

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ability to flexibly switch back and forth between tasks or sets.

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trial making test

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in class test where we connected the dots...b-side measures WM ability but also task switching

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frontal lobe patients

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have difficulty with task switching

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executive functions heritability

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almost entirely genetic in origin
are more heritable than any other function

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immediate memeory

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(stm and wm) better known as working memory stage between sensory storage and long term memory (modal model/info processing model)

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stm charecteristics

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limited duration about 20 seconds without rehersal
limited capacity 1950 (+7-2 chunks)
now limit to about 4 chunks

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chunking

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recoding information in short term memory to longer units

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Ericson,Chase, Faloon (1980) study

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one subject
230+hours
memory span=80 digits
conc. you can expand your STM through chunking

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prototypical model (Alan Buddley)

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WM is not unitary
not passive storage bin but "workbench model"
three major components
originally only two sub (slave) systems and central exec.

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subsystems of prototypical model

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articulatory(phonological loop)
visuo-spatial sketchpad
central executive

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articulatory (phonological loop) subsystem of prototypical theory

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specializes in auditory info
limited capacity\stores sound briefly
sub parts include phonological store and sub vocal rehearse process

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visuo spatial sketchpad (subsystem prototypical theory)

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stores visual and spatial info
limited capacity (and each is independent)
e.g imagine how to hold a bat

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central executive
prototype theory

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integrates info from 3 components and LTM
controls executive functions like planning, abstract thinking,flexibility
third mirror component (storage)

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working memory described as persons

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operation span...if you recall three words operation span=3
increases w/ age

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measures of working memory predicts

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cognitive ability i.e writing note taking, vocab, learning

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stress and wm capacity study (2001)

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tested on life experience scale where high score=high stress
they found stress interferes with wm because stressful events compete with tasks

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unitary view of memory

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immediate memory is not separate set of mechanisms rather the currently active portion of LTM

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embedded process view

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a hybrid of unitary view and memory systems view where immediate memory is part on LTM only embedded within this is smaller focal attention portion

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decay

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information lost due to passage of time

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interference

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information currently being processed is negatively influenced by info learned earlier

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retroactive interference
proactive interference

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info learned recently interferes with memory for info learned earlier

info learned earlier interferes with memory for info learned recently

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Ironic processes of mental control (wegner)

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a two factor theory of cognitive control

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internal operating process (IOP)

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Responsible for activating thoughts relevant to a given goal.

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Ironic processes of mental control

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(Wegner) A two factor theory of cognitive control

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ironic processes factor one (IOP)

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at intentional control of the mind introduces an operating process that directs conscious attention
e.g. focus our mind on positive thoughts to improve mood

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ironic processes factor 2 (IMP)

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Ironic monitoring process (IMP) that looks for failure of our intention
e.g. thinking happy thoughts will bring up sad thoughts (not conscious/effortless)

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Wagner,Ansfield, Piloff golf ball test

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exp. putt to spot without overshooting
1/2 given a memory load
conclusion those with memory load overshot
aka thought control is difficult under a mental load.

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recognition by components theory

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object recognition is done by placing objects into features

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two steps of recognition of components (RBC) theory

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1) objects made of geons
36 geons serve as "visual primitives"
simple shapes combine to form complex shapes
2) mind breaks object down into components

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process of RBC theory

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all happens simultaneously
1)find edges
2)find parts (geons)
3) this set of geons is compared to the set in your memory
4) pattern matches and you have pattern recognition.

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image based approaches

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believe that recognizing objects depends on view you take and is the whole image not broken down into parts

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template matching model

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early approach: an exact match is made between sensory stimuli and a corresponding internal mental form
specific pattern stored in memory e.g table, glass

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multiple views approach

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modern: experience objects from many perspectives so you form multiple views
serve as templates for later recognition

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RBC or image based approach?

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support for both views most likely we use both views for different tasks.

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olfactory senses

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people have difficulty describing/identifying smells.
females are better than males

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Face inversion effect

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turns face upside down
inversion on faces is much more difficult to identify than objects

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faces are perceived as

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wholes,holistically, not as parts

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recognizing objects verse faces

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objects require first order relational info
faces require first and second rel. info inverting face disrupts 2nd rel. info

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brain areas for facial recognition

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fusifar face area-temporal lobe

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fusifar face area

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temporal lobe, some lateralization: right side not specific o just faces but also anything we have expertise in "bird expert"

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right prefrontal cortex

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used for recognizing our own face
located in right side of brain since we use left hand to point out our own face.

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face recognition vendor test (FRVT)

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used to dtermine computer face recognition accuracy not accurate better if looking at frontal view and indoors, varies easier to recognize males and old people

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concepts and catagories

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necessary to make sense of our experience and profit from it. found in LTM essentially mental representations

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concept

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fundamental unit of symbolic knowledge e.g. apples, car, justice

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category

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one way to organize concepts
it is a concept that functions to organize aspects of equivalence among other concepts

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sentence verification tests

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study semantic memory e.g poodle is a dog, a squirrel is an animal
tests reaction time

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category verification tasks
feature verification test

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asses semantic memory structure about category membership

" " " statements about the feature of concepts

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spreading activation model

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network model: in semantic memory, meaning is represented by hypothetical networks of nodes representing concepts

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# of features of semantic network

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nine

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semantic network features 1-3

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1)links connect nodes
2)network organized by semantic similarity
3) node is excited when concept is named/ thought about

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semantic network 4-6

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4)spreading activation
5) activation spread decreases
6) more active nodes more easily info is processes

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semantic network 7-9

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7) semantic priming caused through spreading: faster response if word before is related
8)how you decide e.g. pacer is a vehicle
9) frequently used links have greater strength

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network models in depression

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because of persons knowledge representations
1) humans have well developed network of self knowledge
2) negative if depressed

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cognitive vulnerability

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central concept in cognitive theories of unipolar depression
depression is caused by cognitive vulnerability which is triggered by stressful event

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biased recall
biased interpretation

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favoring recall of certain words :depressed people recall negative words

favoring the negative

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horizontal dimension

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natural vs. artifact
content catagories

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vertical dimension

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level of category
superordinate=animal
basic=dog
subordinate=German Shepard