Cognitive Psych Exam 1

Front 1

How long does STM last for?

Back 1

Few Minutes

Front 2

What are controlled processes of memory?

Back 2

Encoding

Retrieval

Rehearsal

Front 3

What is chunking?

Back 3

Process of recoding info

Front 4

What is the Brown-Peterson task?

Back 4

Get 3 letters to remember

Front 5

Event related potentials are used to:

Back 5

obtain the brain's response directly occurring due to a stimulus

Front 6

ERP technique uses response time to obtain good timing info, whereas fMRI uses imaging to obtain good spatial information

Back 6

ERP technique uses response time to obtain good timing info, whereas fMRI uses imaging to obtain good spatial information

Front 7

Techniquesthatarecommonlyusedtodetermineiftwoprocessesusesimilarordifferentbrainareas,include:

Back 7

Neuropsychology

Front 8

TheIPmodelisinspiredbyananalogybetweenthebrainandcomputers.WhatassumptionsdoestheIPmodelmakefromthisanalogy?

Back 8

Multiple internal systems, processes in stages, can follow information flow over time and time

Front 9

In explaining cognition, the PDP approach emphasizes

Back 9

ways in which brains are different than computers

Front 10

`InformationProcessing(IP)andParallelDistributedProcessing(PDP)aretwoofthemainapproachestocognitivepsychology.Whatarekeydifferencesbetweenthem?

Back 10

IP: emphasis on bottom up processing

PDP:emphasis on top down processing

Front 11

Imagineavisualwordrecognitionmodelinwhichallofthelettersinawordmustfirstbeidentifiedbeforethewordcanberecognized.Thiswouldbeanexampleofa/an__________model.

Back 11

IP model

Front 12

(5)Whichtypeofmodel(IPand/orPDP)allowsbothbottom-­‐upandtop-­‐downinfluencesoncognition?

Back 12

IP and PDP

Front 13

HowwouldaPDPmodelfunctionifafewunitswereremoved?

Back 13

It would still function.

Front 14

Thevisualphenomenonofperceivingtwowholeobjectswhenoneoccludestheotherisknownas:

Back 14

Closure

Front 15

AmikawalkspastanopenfieldwhereanumberofpeoplearegatheredtoplayFrisbee.Shequicklynoticesthatthereare4distinctgroupsthatarestandingtogetherandeachwearingmatchinguniforms.WhatgroupingprinciplesdidAmika’sperceptualsystemprobablyusetonoticethattherewere4teams?

Back 15

Proximity and similarity

Front 16

Whenshownadisplaylikethis(figuretotheleft),50%ofpeoplereportseeingcolumnsand50%reportseeingrows.Thisillustratesaconflictbetween:

Back 16

Gestalt Principles: organizational law of proximity, organizational law of similarity

Front 17

Theidentificationofastimuluswiththehelpofcontext,previousknowledge,and/orexpectationsiscalled:

Back 17

Top down effect

Front 18

Whataresomeassumptionsthevisualsystemmakestoaidvisualprocessing?

Back 18

j

Front 19

Whenthevisualsystemencountersedges,contours,andgradualchanges,whatdoesitdo?

Back 19

j

Front 20

Whenthevisualsystemencountersabrupttransitions,whatdoesitdo?

Back 20

j

Front 21

Whatisthemainreasonvisualperceptionisambiguous?

Back 21

take a 2D image in the brain and have to come up with a 3D representation of itour goal of vision is to recognize objects, not to accurately record all properties of light

Front 22

Describetherelationbetweenthree-­‐dimensionalobjectsintheworldandtwo-­‐dimensionalprojectionsoflightontheretina.

Back 22

j

Front 23

Atsunsetoneday,Juannoticesabluefloweranddecidestotakeapictureofit.Whenhedevelopsthepicture,heisdistressedtofindthattheflowerlookspurpleandnotblue.ThishappenedbecauseJuan'sbrain_______butthecameradoesnot.

Back 23

corrects for white balance (lighting)/ has color constancy/ normalizes

Front 24


The way that a phoneme (sound) is pronounced does NOT depend on the rate of speech

Back 24

f Because the faster you say it could sound different

Front 25

People tend to produce the same phonemes (sounds) the same way each time.

Back 25

F- speech rate, emotions

Front 26

Speech has pauses where we would expect them from spaces in written language 


Back 26

F

Front 27

Babies can only perceive sound contrasts as they become relevant for the language they are learning.

Back 27

f

Front 28

Visual input can cause a phoneme to sound different.

Back 28

t- McGurk

Front 29

People are born being able to perceive all the phonemes of all languages.

Back 29


t-perceptual narrowing and neuroplasticity cause the brain to tune out unused phonemes

Front 30

Top-down information does NOT impact phoneme recognition.

Back 30

F-It does impact

Front 31

The "McGurk" effect refers to the phenomenon that:

Back 31

Pairs auditory component of one sound with the visual component of another that leads to the perception of a third sound

Front 32

________________ memory has the smallest capacity. ________________ memory has theshortest duration.

Back 32

Short term,sensory

Front 33

The ______ (longer/shorter) a word takes to pronounce, the ______ (more/fewer) ofthem that can be held in short term memory.

Back 33

Longer;fewer

Front 34

Short‐term memory (does/does not) recieve information from the environment.

Short‐term memory (does/does not) receive information from long‐term memory.

Back 34

Does, does

Front 35

Baddeley’s 
concept
 of
 the 
phonological 
loop 
differs
 from 
the 
standard
 view
 of
 STM
 capacity 
in
 that 
the 
standard
 view
 sees
 the 
limit 
on ITEMS and 
the
 phonological 
loop
 sees 
the
 limit
 on TIME (1.5 sec)

Back 35

Items,time

Front 36

List 
three 
components
 of 
Baddeley’s
 model
 of
 working
 memory:


Back 36

Central executive, visuospatial sketch pad,phonological loop

Front 37

The
 mechanism
 that
 allocates 
attention 
among
 the 
various 
subsystems 
of 
working
 memory 
is 
called:


Back 37

Central Executive

Front 38

What 
empirical 
evidence 
supports 
the 
hypothesis 
that 
short‐term 
memory
 is
 phonologically 
(sound) 
based?
 


Back 38

if you let people rehearse (give more time) they remember better

if you talk faster you have a better STM

Front 39

Retroactive
 interference 
on 
memory 
refers 
to


Back 39

new info getting in the way of recalling old info

Front 40

People 
can
 easily
 remember 
the 
9
 letters 
of
 CIA
NFL
GOP 
but
 have 
trouble
 remembering 
the
 same 
9
 letters 
in 
the
 order
 CNG
IFO
ALP.
 This
 is 
because
 the 
first
 set 
takes 
advantage 
of
 the 
process 
of:



Back 40

Chunking

Front 41

Naveh‐Benjamin
&
Ayres
 (1986)
 found 
that
 subjects’
 ability
 to 
remember
 lists
 of 
numbers
 was 
related 
to 
the
 rate 
of
 pronunciation 
of
 those
 numbers
 in
 their 
native
 languages.

These
 results 
mainly 
support
 which
 aspect 
of 
working 
memory?
 


Back 41

PHONOLOGICAL LOOP/WORD LENGTH EFFECT

Front 42

-What
 would
 be
 expected
 to 
happen 
to 
the 
word
 length 
effect 
and 
the 
phonological
 similarity 
effect
 if
 you
 gave 
participants
 a 
list 
of
 words 
to 
remember
 but 
forced them to
 say 
"la
la
la
la" 
over
 and
 over 
(that 
is,
made
 them
 do 
an 
articulatory
 suppression
 task)
 while 
they
 were 
encoding
 and
 trying 
to 
remember 
the 
list?
 


Back 42

f

Front 43

e`

Back 43

f

Front 44

s

Back 44

d

Front 45

d

Back 45

d

Front 46

d

Back 46

d

Front 47

d

Back 47

d

Front 48

d

Back 48

d

Front 49

d

Back 49

d