Cogpsych - Chapter 2

Front 1

COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE

Back 1

THE STUDY OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF COGNITION

Front 2

LEVELS OF ANALYSIS

Back 2

REFERS TO THE IDEA THAT A TOPIC CAN BE STUDIED IN A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT WAYS, WITH EACH APPROACH CONTRIBUTING ITS OWN

Front 3

NEURONS

Back 3

CELLS THAT ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS AND TRANSMISSION LINES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Front 4

NERVE NET

Back 4

NETWORK BELIEVED TO BE CONTINUOUS, PROVIDES A COMPLEX PATHWAY FOR CONDUCTING SIGNALS UNINTERRUPTED THROUGH THE NETWORK

Front 5

NEURON DOCTRINE

Back 5

THE IDEA THAT INDIVIDUAL CELLS TRANSMIT SIGNALS IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, AND THAT THESE CELLS ARE NOT CONTINUOUS WITH OTHER CELLS AS PROPOSED BY NERVE NET THEORY

Front 6

CELL BODY

Back 6

THE METABOLIC CENTER OF THE NEURON; IT CONTAINS MECHANISMS TO KEEP THE CELL ALIVVE

Front 7

DENRITES

Back 7

BRANCH OUT FROM THE CELL BODY, RECEIVES SIGNALS FROM OTHER NEURONS

Front 8

AXONS (NERVE FIBERS)

Back 8

LONG PROCESSES THAT TRANSMIT SIGNALS TO OTHER NEURONS

Front 9

SYNAPSE

Back 9

SMALL GAP BETWEEN THE END OF A NEURON'S AXON AND THE DENDRITES OR CELL BODY OF ANOTHER NEURON

Front 10

NEURAL CIRCUITS

Back 10

*

Front 11

RECEPTORS

Back 11

SIMILAR TO BRAIN NEURONS IN THAT THEY HAVE AN AXON, BUT THEY HAVE SPECIALIZED RECEPTORS THAT PICK UP INFORMATION FROM THE ENVIRONMENT

Front 12

MICROELECTRODES

Back 12

SMALL SHAFTS OF HOLLOW GLASS FILLED WITH A CONDUCTIVE SALT SOLUTION THAT CAN PICK UP ELECTRICAL SIGNALS AT THE ELECTRODE TI[ AND CONDUCT THESE SIGNALS BACK USING A RECORDING DEVICE

Front 13

EDGAR ADRIAN

Back 13

FIRST TO RECORD ELECTRICAL SIGNALS FROM A SINGLE SENSORY NEURON

Front 14

RESTING POTENTIAL

Back 14

NERVE IMPULES

Front 15

ACTION POTENTIAL

Back 15

PROPAGATED ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL RESPONSIBLE FOR TRANSMITTING NEURAL INFORMATION AND FOR COMMUNICATION BETWEEN NEURONS. TRAVEL DOWN A NEURONS AXON

Front 16

NEUROTRANSMITTER

Back 16

CHEMICAL RELEASED AT THE SYNAPSE IN RESPONSE TO INCOMING ACTION POTENTIALS

Front 17

PRINCIPLE OF NEURAL REPRESENTATION

Back 17

EVERYTHING A PERSON EXPERIENCES IS BASED ON REPRESENTATIONS IN THE PERSON'S NERVOUS SYSTEM

Front 18

RETINA

Back 18

A NETWORK OF NEURONS THAT LINES THE BACK OF THE EYE. THE TRANSFORMATION OF LIGHT INTO ELECTRICAL SIGNALS AND THE INITIAL PROCESSING OF VISUAL INFORMATION OCCUR IN THE RETINA

Front 19

VISUAL CORTEX

Back 19

AREA IN THE OCCIPITAL LOBE THAT RECEIVES SIGNALS FROM THE EYES

Front 20

FEATURE DETECTORS

Back 20

NEURONS THAT RESPOND TO SPECIFIC VISUAL FEATURES, SUCH AS ORIENTATION, SIZE OR THE MORE COMPLEX FEATURES THAT MAKE UP ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI

Front 21

HIERARCHICAL PROCESSING

Back 21

PROCESSING THAT OCCURS IN A PROGRESSION FROM LOWER TO HIGHER AREAS OF THE BRAIN

Front 22

SENSORY CODE

Back 22

HOW NEURAL FIRING REPRESENTS VARIOUS CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENVIRONMENT

Front 23

SPECIFICITY CODING

Back 23

THE REPRESENTATION OF A SPECIFIC STIMULUS BY THE FIRING OF NEURONS THAT RESPOND ONLY TO THAT STIMULUS (EX: NEURON THAT FIRES ONLY FOR A SPECIFIC PERSON'S FACE)

Front 24

POPULATION CODING

Back 24

NEURAL REPRESENTATION OF A STIMULUS BY THE PATTERN OF FIRING OF A LARGE NUMBER OF NEURONS

Front 25

SPARSE CODING

Back 25

NEURAL CODING BASED ON THE PATTERN OF ACTIVITY IN SMALL GROUPS OF NEURONS

Front 26

BROCA'S AREA

Back 26

AN AREA IN THE FRONTAL LOBE ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRODUCTION OF LANGUAGE. DAMAGE TO THIS AREA CAUSES BROCA'S APHASIA

Front 27

WERNICKE'S AREA

Back 27

AREA IN THE TEMPORAL LOBE ASSOCIATED WITH UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE. DAMAGE CAUSES WERNICKE'S APHASIA

Front 28

OCCIPITAL LOBE

Back 28

THE LOBE AT THE BACK OF THE BRAIN THAT IS DEVOTED PRIMARILY TO ANALYZING INCOMING VISUAL INFORMATION

Front 29

PARIETAL LOBE

Back 29

THE LOBE AT THE TOP OF THE BRAIN THAT CONTAINS MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR SENSATIONS CAUSED BY STIMULATION OF THE SKIN AND ALSO SOME ASPECTS OF VISUAL INFORMATION

Front 30

FRONTAL LOBE

Back 30

THE LOBE IN THE FRONT OF THE BRAIN THAT SERVES HIGHER FUNCTIONS SUCH AS LANGUAGE, THOUGHT, MEMORY AND MOTOR FUNCTIONING

Front 31

PROSOPAGNOSIA

Back 31

CONDITION CAUSED BY DAMAGE TO THE TEMPORAL LOBE THAT IS CHARACTERIZED BY AN INABILITY TO RECOGNIZE FACES

Front 32

DOUBLE DISSOCIATION

Back 32

A SITUATION IN WHICH A SINGLE DISSOCIATION CAN BE DEMONSTRATED IN ONE PERSON AND THE OPPOSITE TYPE OF DISSOCIATION CAN BE DEMONSTRATED IN ANOTHER PERSON.

Front 33

BRAIN IMAGING

Back 33

TECHNIQUE SUCH AS FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING THAT RESULTS IN IMAGES OF THE BRAIN THAT REPRESENT BRAIN ACTIVITY.

Front 34

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

Back 34

BRAIN IMAGING TECHNIQUE THAT CREATES IMAGES OF STRUCTURES WITHIN THE BRAIN

Front 35

FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

Back 35

A BRAIN IMAGING TECHNIQUE THAT MEASURES HOW BLOOD FLOW CHANGES IN RESPONSE TO COGNITIVE ACTIVITY

Front 36

FUSIFORM FACE AREA

Back 36

AN AREA IN THE TEMPORAL LOBE THAT CONTAINS MANY NEURONS THAT RESPOND SELECTIVELY TO FACES

Front 37

PARAHIPPOCAMPAL PLACE AREA

Back 37

AN AREA IN THE TEMPORAL LOBE THAT CONTAINS NEURONS THAT ARE SELECTIVELY ACTIVATED BY PICTURES OF INDOOR AND OUTDOOR SCENES

Front 38

EXTRASTRIATE BODY AREA

Back 38

AN AREA IN THE TEMPORAL CORTEX THAT IS ACTIVATED BY PICTURES OF BODIES AND PARTS OF BODIES, BUT NOT BY FACES OR OTHER OBJECTS

Front 39

DISTRIBUTED REPRESENTATION

Back 39

OCCURS WHEN A SPECIFIC COGNITION ACTIVATES MANY AREAS OF THE BRAIN

Front 40

NEURAL NETWORKS

Back 40

GROUPS OF NEURONS OR STRUCTURES THAT ARE CONNECTED TOGETHER

Front 41

DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING

Back 41

A TECHNIQUE, BASED ON DETECTION F HOW WATER DIFFUSES ALONG THE LENGTH OF NERVE FIBERS, TRACING NERVE PATHWAYS AND DETERMINING CONNECTIONS