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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cognitive psychology
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the study of psychology related to the mental process of knowing including aspects of awareness, perception, reasoning and judgment. The study of the nature of various mental tasks and the processes that enable them to be performed
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Introspection:
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Wundt (1879), looking within, record the content of our own mental lives and the sequence of experience, not replicable and described at the most basic levels
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Behaviorism
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- Behaviorism: Watson, classical conditioning, Psychology loosed its mind: Peripheralism, what is said vs. what is meant
- Skinner, operant conditioning |
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Computer Model
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A language to talk about mental processes
- Environmental energy: information - Psychological processes (perception, comprehension): coding, representation - Memory: storage and retrieval - theories can be proposed based on the model, experiments can be run to test those theories (example: storage capacity: the amount of info that can be held in a particular system) |
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Central executive
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the heart of the working memory, runs the show, helped by several assistants: interpreting, analyzing (holds info)
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- Articulatory rehearsal loop
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an important assistant, to use the loop the central executive launches the activity of pronouncing the item to be remembered
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- Subvocalization
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the quite/ silent behavior of repeating things to yourself, causing a record of this speech to be loaded into an internal echo box, part of a mental apparatus normally used for hearing
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Phonological buffer
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there Subvocalization creates the record, once in the buffer the record begins to fade away, at this point the executive must intervene, where it reads the content of the buffer and starts another cycle
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Concurrent articulation
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the loop isn’t available for use and we are now measuring the capacity of out working memory without the rehearsal loop, cuts the capacity of the working memory drastically, eliminates sound errors, doesn’t go to the phonological buffer
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- Memory Training
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Good memory requires finding a pattern (encoding, pattern recognition)
- Organization aids in retrieval, but also limits retrieval (encoding specificity) - Diagnosing representation: errors, response times |
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- True vs. Polite smiles
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Dissociation: True: limbic cortices, Polite: motor cortex
Stimulus Lesion Motor Limbic Funny Symmetrical Lopsided Polite Lopsided Symmetrical |
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Amygdala vs. Hippocampus
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: Procedural vs. Declarative Memory
Remembering vs. Emotion - Fear conditioning: LeDoux, Subjects were presented a series of shapes or different colors, when a yellow triangle appeared a shock was administered, Unconditioned response was increased heartbeat and GSR, Normal subjects realized the connection to the yellow triangle and shock and their heart beat and GSR increased. Dissociations: Report Pairing GSR (Emotion) Normal Yes Yes Amygdala lesion Yes No Hippocampus lesion No Yes |
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Lobes
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- Frontal: Broca’s area: speech production
- Parietal: spatial, faces - Occipital: vision - Temporal: memory, naming, Wernickle’s area: language comprehension |
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Hindbrain
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sits directly atop of spinal cord, controls rhythm of heartbeat and breathing, helps in body’s posture and balance, Cerebellum: bodily movement and balance
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Midbrain
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coordinating movement, relays auditory information from ears to forebrain, regulates experience of pain
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- Forebrain
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cortex: outer layer, longitudinal fissure: deepest groove running from back to front, separating left hemisphere from right, central fissure: divides frontal lobes from parietal lobes, lateral fissure: separates bottom of frontal lobe from temporal lobes
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Subcortical Structures
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- Thalamus: relays info that is to be sent to the cortex
- Hypothalamus: controls motivates behaviors, eating, drinking, sex - Hippocampus/ Amygdala: learning, memory, emotional processing |
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- Whole vs. partial report
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Sperling, 1960, sensory memory, X followed by 12 numbers, subject could only remember 4 or fewer, he modified it to a partial report where he had 3 tones, high medium and low, each tone corresponded to a line. If subjects were cued before the letters flashed they could remember more letters.
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Top down
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Processing that is driven by a broad pattern of knowledge and expectations, including knowledge that cannot easily be understood as an echo of frequent or recent experiences. Benefit: Recognition depends on a huge range of background knowledge
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Bottom up
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incoming information triggers a response by a feature detector, which in turn triggers a response by a letter detector and so on. The data is initiative, it gets things going
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Template theory
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Recognition of an object follows a match between stimulus and an internal construct (template) of and object, assumes an exact match
- Inflexibility: input and template don’t always match exactly |
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- Recognition errors
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There is a strong tendency to misread less common letter sequences as if they were more common patterns, irregular patterns are read as if they were regular patterns, Misspelled words, partial words or non words are read in a way that brings them into line with normal spelling
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- RBC: Recognition by Components theory
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- Geons: geometric ions, serve as the basic building blocks of all objects we recognize, like the alphabet to words
- Three dozen different geons can describe every object in the world - View point independent: no matter which object you see, you will be able to identify it based on its geons |
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Prosopagnoisia
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lose ability to recognize faces, even though their other visual abilities seem to be intact
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Bottleneck metaphor
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bottleneck occurs at or prior to the stage of response selection
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Unilateral Neglect:
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ignore all inputs coming from one side of the body, not a perceptual or memory problem, usually damage to parietal lobe
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TASK GENERAL
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even when tasks are very different, increasing the resource requirements of one task past some critical point will reduce the efficiency of performance on one or both tasks, suggesting that there is some resource limitation that is general to the two tasks even though they are very different in nature
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TASK SPECIFIC
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Shadowing words presented to one ear while simultaneously memorizing
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Energy supply
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implies that the resource is divisible. Divided attention means devoting a percentage of available resource to one task and the rest of the resource to the other task
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Varied mapping
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a particular letter can be a target on some trials and a distracter on other trials, a consistent mapping between a stimulus and a response can not be made, even after considerable practice, response time increases as the number of items to search increases, indicating that subjects continue to use a serial search
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Mental tools
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A tool is not divisible but unitary, can only be used for one task at a time. Divided attention means time sharing the tool, first one task gets it, then the other
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Consistent mapping
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a particular latter is always a target or never a target, a consistent mapping between stimulus and response can be made, after practice response time to search for 4 possible targets in an array of 4 items is just as fast as response time to search for only 1 target in an array of 1 item, indicating parallel search in which a target is detected automatically
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