Cognitive Psyc Chapter 2 Test 1

Front 1

What will we study in Ch 2?

Back 1

Metatheories
Themes of Cognitive Psychology
Information Processing Approach
Cognitive Science Approach
The Brain
Neural Net Models

Front 2

What is a metatheory?

Back 2

A set of assumptions that tells us:
Where to start
What to look for
What to beware of

Front 3

Why do scientists need metatheories?

Back 3

they need a guiding framework

Front 4

What does meta mean?

Back 4

above or beyond

Front 5

Name two metatheories and indicate if they are still used today

Back 5

Information-Processing Approach:
Cognitive psychology’s metatheory for many years was the information-processing approach.

Cognitive Science Approach:
This broader, less restrictive metatheoretical approach has become more popular in recent years.

Front 6

Name the themes in cognitive psychology

Back 6

Attention
Automatic versus Conscious processing
Bottom-up versus Top-down processing
(Data driven versus Conceptually driven)
Serial versus Parallel processing
Implicit versus explicit memory
Metacognition
Brain

Front 7

The information processing approach concerns the flow of... it occurs in a series of... each stage... then it sends...

Back 7

information, stages, transforms, output to the next

Front 8

What was the stand information processing approach theory used? Describe it...

Back 8

The Atkinson & Shiffrin Model of Memory... sensory registers, goes to short-term memory, then information can either by outputted or taken to long term memory, if taken to long term, it can go back to short term and then to output

Front 9

What is a process model and what type of approach is it? What are its strengths?

Back 9

A hypothesis about the mental processes that take place when a task is performed, information process model; More specific and well-defined model,
Task specific (LDT, Naming, etc.),
Can be used to generate predictions about behavior

Front 10

How can one measure information processing?

Back 10

Reaction Time (RT)
Accuracy
Verbal report
Neuropsychological data

Front 11

what is a lexicon decision task? what kind of model is it? describe it

Back 11

figuring out if the stimulus is a what, process model... encode stimulus, search lexicon, decide, respond = reaction time

Front 12

a lexicon decision task is a strict

Back 12

version of the process model/information processing approach

Front 13

What are some assumptions of the "strict" information processing approach

Back 13

sequential processing and Independent and Nonoverlapping

Front 14

What is sequential processing?

Back 14

The assumption that the stages of processing occur in a fixed order/sequence.

Front 15

What do we mean by Independent and Nonoverlapping?

Back 15

The assumption that the stages of processing are independent of one another in their functioning and only one stage can occur at a time.

Front 16

What are some Difficulties with the “Strict” Version of the information processing approach?

Back 16

Parallel processing—research began to show that more than one mental process (stage) often can operate at the same time; Context effects—prior/other information (the context) that is presented affects performance. The strict version couldn’t account for this PRIMING; Other data—when using process models, the emphasis was primarily on RT, accuracy and verbal protocols were ignored

Front 17

In contrast to the information processing approach, the cognitive science approach is defined as

Back 17

The study of human thought, using all available scientific techniques and including all relevant scientific disciplines.

Front 18

What are the advantages of the cognitive science approach?

Back 18

Multidisciplinary
More flexible, broader, and inclusive

Front 19

understanding the ____ has become a big part of cognitive science. One part of understanding the brain involves ____ and ____ ______

Back 19

brain, dissociations and double dissociations

Front 20

Define a single dissociation

Back 20

When dissecting complex mental tasks into their subcomponents, a researcher can establish a "single dissociation" between functions. This is done by demonstrating that a lesion to brain structure A disrupts function X but not function Y. Such a demonstration allows one to infer that function X and function Y are independent of each other in some way.

Front 21

Define a double dissociation

Back 21

To strengthen a "single dissociation", a researcher can establish a "double dissociation", a term that was introduced by H.-L. Teuber in 1955.[2] This is the demonstration that two experimental manipulations each have different effects on two dependent variables; if one manipulation affects the first variable and not the second, the other manipulation affects the second variable and not the first.[3] If one can demonstrate that a lesion in brain structure A impairs function X but not Y, and further demonstrate that a lesion to brain structure B impairs function Y but spares function X, one can make more specific inferences about brain function and function localization.

Front 22

Remember to look at slides for anatomy

Back 22

Or else!

Front 23

What is contralaterality?

Back 23

Left hemisphere receives input from right half of body and controls right
Right hemisphere receives input from left half of body and controls left

Front 24

What is a split brain procedure and why do we care?

Back 24

It is when the corpus calloseum is cut to prevent seizures, it prevents the different hemispheres from communicating, it helped us figure out how vision and brain function is concentrated

Front 25

For vision, both eyes take in information from... where does the information go?

Back 25

from both sides of the visual field, Info from right VF goes only to LH
Info from left VF goes only to RH

Front 26

Do the vision areas of each hemisphere usually communicate with each other? how/how not? What happens with split brain patients?

Back 26

yes, via thte corpus commosum, it is possible to present information to one hemisphere of the brain alone

Front 27

Explain the divided visual field procedure for split brain patients, what happens?

Back 27

Subject fixates on a point directly in front
Stimuli presented to one visual field
Image projects to opposite hemisphere; if presented to the left side, the individual can draw/motion, if presented to the right side, the individual can speak
Subject responds verbally or manually

Front 28

What are the methods for investigating the brain?

Back 28

lesions, direct stimulation, and neuroimaging techniques

Front 29

What are lesions? Give example..

Back 29

Lesions—result of brain injury (e.g., accident, stroke, disease); phineas gage

Front 30

What happens with direct stimulation?

Back 30

patient awake, surgeon electrically stimulates brain to determine localization of different functions and kinds of knowledge in the cortex

Front 31

What are the different neuroimaging techniques?

Back 31

EEG: electroencephalograph, ERP: event related potential, PET—positron emission tomography, MRI—magnetic resonance imaging; fMRI—functional magnetic resonance imaging

Front 32

Define EEG

Back 32

Measures the brain’s electrical activity—has very high temporal resolution but low spatial resolution

Front 33

Define ERP

Back 33

An EEG measurement that is the result of a person engaging in a specific cognitive task

Front 34

Define PET

Back 34

Functional technique that shows activity in the brain. An agent is introduced to the body that is metabolized when brain structures are active. The concentration of this tracer is measured during PET.

Front 35

Define MRI

Back 35

Gives a structural picture of the brain, which shows contrast between soft tissues/structures

Front 36

What are the advantages and disadvantages associated with the different neuroimaging technique? Which neuroimaging technique is the best?

Back 36

EEG has high temporal low spatial. MRI has high spatial low temporal. fMRI combines the best of both worlds.

Front 37

Conntectionist models are also called... what do they refer to?

Back 37

neural net models or parallel distributed processing (PDP) models, All refer to a computer-based technique for modeling complex systems.

Front 38

An early connectionist model was by... what does it look like?

Back 38

McClelland and Rumelhart, see bb slides

Front 39

What are the similarities between PDP and a network of neurons?

Back 39

Both are interconnected networks
Each unit receives input from many other units
Each unit provides an output to many other units
Units either are on (they fire) or off (they don’t)
Connections between units can be strengthened or weakened

Front 40

What are the differences between PDP and a network of neurons?

Back 40

Network of neurons is large and complex. PDP network is small and simple.
Neurons react differently to different neurotransmitters. In general, this property is ignored in PDP models.