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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Perception |
The way information is organized and interpreted |
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How does perception work ? |
Stimulus —> sensation —> sensory coding —> perception |
The process of how perception work |
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Sensation |
Our sensory organs as born and reacting to our environment |
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Percept |
A mental representation of a stimulus |
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Perception process |
A sequence of steps that involves selection, organization, interpretation |
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Distal stimulus |
Object in the world (in the environment) once in perception |
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Proximal stimulus |
Object in the mind or representation of distal stimulus |
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Does perception happens consciously or unconscious? |
Usually Unconscious |
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What are the 3 stages of perception ? |
Selection, organization and interpretation |
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Selection |
The decision of what we attend to . |
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When we attend to something in our mind , what kind of stimulus is it ? |
Proximal stimulus |
“Once we attend to something in our mind “ |
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Organization |
The process which incoming stimuli are organized or patterned in systematic & meaningful ways |
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What are Gestalt law of perception of organization? |
Law of similarity Law of proximity Law of closure Law of continuity |
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Law of similarity |
Says that when parts of configuration are perceived similar , they will be perceived as belonging together |
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Law of Proximity |
Elements that are placed near each other are likely to be perceived as part of some configuration |
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Law of closure |
People tend to close open edges of a incomplete digure to form a whole complete figure |
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Law of continuity |
People link individual elements together so they can form a continuous line or pattern that makes sense |
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Interpretation |
Processing information that we have sensed and organized and turn it into something we can categorize and use in the future |
“Transformation if information” |
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What are the two type processes ? |
Top-down processing Bottom- up processing |
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Bottom-Up |
Data driven! No perceived data about what your looking at. Not shaped by your previous knowledge. |
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Top-down processing |
Using knowledge and expectations of the object to perceive what the object is. |
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Top/down vs. Bottom/up |
BU-built from the sensory information TO- theory driven |
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Attention |
A selection of what you focused on by your choice. |
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What are the two types of influences on Attention ? |
Influences from outer world Vs Influences from inner world |
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What are some examples of Outter world influences ? |
-Intensity -Proximity -danger as a stimulus -colors -novelty -astectic appeal -affect - anomalous stimuli |
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What are examples of INNER world experiences ? |
-Emotion -Culture -experience -novelty -religion -values -pain -physical discomfort -preference -sleep |
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What are the models of attention ??? |
Information filter Spotlight Mental capacity Feature binder |
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Information filter |
Attention works to filter out irrelevant stimuli in the environment so only what’s left is what we chose to pay attention to. |
What does it mean to filter ? |
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Spotlight Model |
Attention is a spotlight of our consciousness that is focused on some aspects of the environment moves around as attention ***** to different things. |
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Metal capacity |
Attention has a limited capacity due to the limited amount of cognitive resources available for a task. |
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Feature binder |
Attention works at 2 levels thy contribute to focus of attention |
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What’s the 2 levels of Feature binder ?? |
Automatic attention and Controlled attention |
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Automatic Attention |
Not intention, it does not tax cognitive resources , fast and reflexive and attentional selection is unconscious |
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Controlled Attention |
Intentional , consciously aware of events to pay attention to , slower and deliberate. |
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Is Memory a structure or a process ? |
Both |
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What is Memory? |
The ability to take in information , store it and recall it at a later time . |
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Why is memory both a structure and a process ? |
Neural structures that underpin the process of memory involved coordination of various brain regions depending on the type of memory . |
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Memory brain regions ? |
Amygdala Prefrontal cortex Hippocampus Basal Ganglia |
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Memory brain regions ? |
Amygdala Prefrontal cortex Hippocampus Basal Ganglia |
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Amygdala |
Memory consolidation for emotions around stimuli |
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Prefrontal cortex |
Encoding (left) and retrieval (right ) |
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Hippocampus |
Give new information meaning through connection to other memories, recognition and spatial memory |
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What are 4 types of Declarative memories ? |
Episodic - Events, experiences Semantic- facts,concepts Autobiographical - explicit memories about yourself Prospective memory- memories about planned events and activities you have to do in the future . |
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What is an implicit memory ?? |
Procedural - skills and task |
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Memory processes |
Encoding Attention Rehearsal Retrieval |
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Types of encoding ? |
Acoustic encoding - processing and echoing sound, words and auditory input Visual- process of encoding visual sensory information Tactile - process in the soma sensory cortex transform tactile Semantic- processing sensory information that has a particular meaning |
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Basal Ganglia and striatum |
Formation and retrieval procedural memory |
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Three types of Sensory memory ?? |
Iconic Echoic Hepatic |
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What is Iconic Memory ? |
Eyesight memory |
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Echoic??? |
Hearing memory |
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Hepatic |
Hands and touch memory |
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What’s the difference between short term memory and working memory ? |
Short term memory is instant. Working memory controls systems processing and activation of info in short term memory |
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Where does active thinking occurs ? |
In working memory |
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Rehearsal |
The process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about information |
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What are types of long term memories ?? |
Implicit and explicit( Declarative ) memories |
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What’s the problem with accessing memories ? |
Accessing memories opens up memories to change |
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What’s the problem with accessing memories ? |
Accessing memories opens up memories to change |
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Memory deficits |
Anterograde Amnesia - imparted ability to memorize new information Retrograde Amnesia- pre-existing memories cannot be recalled Dementia- widespread brain deterioration usually lost of more recent memories Dissociative Amnesia - cannot recall important personal information following severe trauma or stress disturbance |
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