Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Auditory Cheescake
|
- Evolutionary byproduct of adaptation for human language
- No musical acquisition device in brain - Don't need music to survive - Pinker (1997) |
|
Outer Ear
|
- Pinnae and ear canal
- Amplifies certain frequencies - Important for locating sounds |
|
Middle Ear
|
- Malleus, incus, stapes
- Converts airborne vibrations to liquid vibrations |
|
Inner Ear
|
- Cochlea
- Converts liquid vibrations to neural impulses |
|
Tonotopic Organisation
|
- Different areas of brain relate to different sound frequencies
- Auditory nerve and auditory cortex |
|
Primary Auditory Cortex
|
- Temporal lobes, bilateral
- Medial geniculate nucleus projects to this - Surrounded by secondary auditory cortex Tonotopic organisation |
|
Brain Regions Involved in Processing Music
|
- Auditory Cortex
- Association cortex - Prefrontal cortex: expectancy generation (violation and satisfaction) and emotions - Motor cortex - Cerebellum: auditory perception and analysis, emotions - Sensory cortex: sensory feedback - Visual cortex - Sub-cortical regions important for emotion: amygdala, hippocampus, cerebellum |
|
Pentatonic Scale
|
- Universal to all human cultures
- 5 notes |
|
Modular Model of Music Perception
|
- Cognitive model
- Acoustic input broken down - Acoustic to phonological (lyrics) - Pitch organisation: contour analysis => interval analysis => tonal encoding - Temporal organisation: rhythm analysis + meter analysis - Feeds into 'Musical Lexicon' - Peretz and Coltheart (2003) |
|
Infants and Music
|
- Prefer consonance (McDermott & Hauser, 2004)
- Notice changes to contour (Trehub et al, 1997) - Understand phrase structure in Mozart (Krumhansl & Jusczyk, 1990) - 3 days can distinguish different rhythms (Winkler et al, 2009) |
|
Perani et al. (2011)
|
-fMRI 1-3 days old, western tonal music vs. altered version
- Western music = right primary auditory cortex active - Altered music = left primary auditory cortex and prefrontal - Early hemispheric specialisation, sensitive to tone |
|
Musical Development
|
- Newborn: perceive pitch, beat, contour, preference for consonance
- 4-6: Respond to tonal more than atonal - 7: sensitive to rules of harmony - 10: understand finer aspects of key structure - 12: develop tastes and recognition of styles |
|
The Mozart Effect
|
- Spatial reasoning better when listening to mozart
- Worst than silence when listening to Albinoni (sad music) - Correlation between spatial reasoning and enjoyment of music/mood - Thomson Forde et al. (2001) |
|
Congenital Amusia
|
- Lifelong difficulty in perceiving music
- Only large pitch change recognised - Tone-deafness - 4% of population - Most can perceive rhythm - Not brain lesion |
|
Monica (Peretz et al. 2001)
|
- First documented congenital amusia
- Can detect rising pitch change of 11 semitones, but not falling pitch - Not working memory problem |
|
Pitch Memory Problems (Williamson & Stewart, 2010)
|
- Fine with digit span
- Impaired tone span |
|
Speech Problems (Liu et al. 2010)
|
- Tone languages (65%)
- Intonation: question, attitude - Speaking identity - Amusics difficulty with subtle changes |
|
Williamson, Cocchini & Stewart (2011)
|
- Spatial tasks: mental rotation etc.
- Amusics not impaired |
|
Hyde et al. (2006)
|
- Amusics thinner white matter (prefrontal) = weaker connection
- Severity of amusia = thinner white matter - Increased gray matter in auditory cortex |
|
Arcuate Fasciculus (AF)
|
- Connection between brain regions
- Missing in amusics - Loui et al. (2009) |
|
Peretz et al., (2009)
|
- Measured ERP's in amusics listening to pitch change
- N200 = quarter-tone difference - P600 = semi-tone difference - Brain can tell difference between quarter-tones but not semi-tone - But can't perceive it |
|
Shared Syntactic Integration Resource Hypothesis (SSIRH)
|
- Syntax in language and music share common set of circuits in frontal brain regions
- P600 associated with syntax violation, also activated when atonal music played - Share some circuitry for semantics too - Patel (2003) |
|
Blood & Zatorre (2001)
|
- Studying chills effect
- Negative correlation between amygdala activation and favourite (emotive) music - Amygdala deactivates in anticipation of chill (as it does with cocaine) |
|
Thomson Forde et al. (2012)
|
- Amusics made judgements about emotion of voices
- Worst than controls apart from judging fearful voice - Music and language share common mechanism |
|
Grahn & Brett (2007)
|
- Basal ganglia important for rhythm/beat
- Sends singles to pre-motor cortex - Evolutionary modification to allow perception of beat |
|
Ohinishi et al. (2001)
|
- Compared musicians to non-musicians listening to music
- Musicians: planum temporale and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex left side - Even more bilateral in musicians |
|
Gazzaniga (2008)
|
- Deactivation of prefrontal cortex in jazz improvisation
- Suggests conscious thought needs to be suppressed |