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27 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Auditory Cheescake
- Evolutionary byproduct of adaptation for human language
- No musical acquisition device in brain
- Don't need music to survive
- Pinker (1997)
Outer Ear
- Pinnae and ear canal
- Amplifies certain frequencies
- Important for locating sounds
Middle Ear
- Malleus, incus, stapes
- Converts airborne vibrations to liquid vibrations
Inner Ear
- Cochlea
- Converts liquid vibrations to neural impulses
Tonotopic Organisation
- Different areas of brain relate to different sound frequencies
- Auditory nerve and auditory cortex
Primary Auditory Cortex
- Temporal lobes, bilateral
- Medial geniculate nucleus projects to this
- Surrounded by secondary auditory cortex
Tonotopic organisation
Brain Regions Involved in Processing Music
- Auditory Cortex
- Association cortex
- Prefrontal cortex: expectancy generation (violation and satisfaction) and emotions
- Motor cortex
- Cerebellum: auditory perception and analysis, emotions
- Sensory cortex: sensory feedback
- Visual cortex
- Sub-cortical regions important for emotion: amygdala, hippocampus, cerebellum
Pentatonic Scale
- Universal to all human cultures
- 5 notes
Modular Model of Music Perception
- Cognitive model
- Acoustic input broken down
- Acoustic to phonological (lyrics)
- Pitch organisation: contour analysis => interval analysis => tonal encoding
- Temporal organisation: rhythm analysis + meter analysis
- Feeds into 'Musical Lexicon'
- Peretz and Coltheart (2003)
Infants and Music
- Prefer consonance (McDermott & Hauser, 2004)
- Notice changes to contour (Trehub et al, 1997)
- Understand phrase structure in Mozart (Krumhansl & Jusczyk, 1990)
- 3 days can distinguish different rhythms (Winkler et al, 2009)
Perani et al. (2011)
-fMRI 1-3 days old, western tonal music vs. altered version
- Western music = right primary auditory cortex active
- Altered music = left primary auditory cortex and prefrontal
- Early hemispheric specialisation, sensitive to tone
Musical Development
- Newborn: perceive pitch, beat, contour, preference for consonance
- 4-6: Respond to tonal more than atonal
- 7: sensitive to rules of harmony
- 10: understand finer aspects of key structure
- 12: develop tastes and recognition of styles
The Mozart Effect
- Spatial reasoning better when listening to mozart
- Worst than silence when listening to Albinoni (sad music)
- Correlation between spatial reasoning and enjoyment of music/mood
- Thomson Forde et al. (2001)
Congenital Amusia
- Lifelong difficulty in perceiving music
- Only large pitch change recognised
- Tone-deafness
- 4% of population
- Most can perceive rhythm
- Not brain lesion
Monica (Peretz et al. 2001)
- First documented congenital amusia
- Can detect rising pitch change of 11 semitones, but not falling pitch
- Not working memory problem
Pitch Memory Problems (Williamson & Stewart, 2010)
- Fine with digit span
- Impaired tone span
Speech Problems (Liu et al. 2010)
- Tone languages (65%)
- Intonation: question, attitude
- Speaking identity
- Amusics difficulty with subtle changes
Williamson, Cocchini & Stewart (2011)
- Spatial tasks: mental rotation etc.
- Amusics not impaired
Hyde et al. (2006)
- Amusics thinner white matter (prefrontal) = weaker connection
- Severity of amusia = thinner white matter
- Increased gray matter in auditory cortex
Arcuate Fasciculus (AF)
- Connection between brain regions
- Missing in amusics
- Loui et al. (2009)
Peretz et al., (2009)
- Measured ERP's in amusics listening to pitch change
- N200 = quarter-tone difference
- P600 = semi-tone difference
- Brain can tell difference between quarter-tones but not semi-tone
- But can't perceive it
Shared Syntactic Integration Resource Hypothesis (SSIRH)
- Syntax in language and music share common set of circuits in frontal brain regions
- P600 associated with syntax violation, also activated when atonal music played
- Share some circuitry for semantics too
- Patel (2003)
Blood & Zatorre (2001)
- Studying chills effect
- Negative correlation between amygdala activation and favourite (emotive) music
- Amygdala deactivates in anticipation of chill (as it does with cocaine)
Thomson Forde et al. (2012)
- Amusics made judgements about emotion of voices
- Worst than controls apart from judging fearful voice
- Music and language share common mechanism
Grahn & Brett (2007)
- Basal ganglia important for rhythm/beat
- Sends singles to pre-motor cortex
- Evolutionary modification to allow perception of beat
Ohinishi et al. (2001)
- Compared musicians to non-musicians listening to music
- Musicians: planum temporale and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex left side
- Even more bilateral in musicians
Gazzaniga (2008)
- Deactivation of prefrontal cortex in jazz improvisation
- Suggests conscious thought needs to be suppressed