Cognitive Neurosceience- Psych 108: Midterm 1

Front 1

Large, common (80% of all neurons) and have glutamate as a neurotransmitter, making them a major ecitatory component of the cortex

Back 1

Pyramidal Neurons

Front 2

branching structures that carry information from other neurons

Back 2

dendrites

Front 3

branching structure that carries information to other neurons and transmits an action potential

Back 3

axon

Front 4

where neurotransmitters are released, permitting signalling between neurons

Back 4

synapse

Front 5

a sudden change in the electrical properties of the neuron membrane in a axon

Back 5

action potential

Front 6

chemical signals that are released by one neuron and affect the properties of other neurons

Back 6

neurotransmitters

Front 7

Name the 6 layers in the cortex

Back 7

molecular
external granular
external pyramidal
internal granular
internal pyramidal
multiform

Front 8

speeds up conduction. blocks the normal Na+/ransfer and so the action potential jumps, via passive conduction, down the length of the axon at the points where this is absent

Back 8

myelin

Front 9

consists of neuronal cell bodies

Back 9

consists of axons and support cells (glia).

Front 10

support cells involved in tissue repair and in the formation of myelin

Back 10

glia

Front 11

carries waste metabolites, transfers some messenger signals and provides a protective cushion for the brain

Back 11

ventricles

Front 12

the most important commisure, a large white matter tract that connects the two hemispheres

Back 12

corpus collosum

Front 13

____ is divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.

Back 13

central sulcus

Front 14

front

Back 14

anterior/rostral

Front 15

back

Back 15

posterior/caudal

Front 16

top

Back 16

superior/dorsal

Front 17

bottom

Back 17

inferior/ventral

Front 18

How is blood supplied to the brain?

Back 18

-brain supplied by major arteries

Front 19

How is deoxygenated blood removed from the brain?

Back 19

-veins remove the deoxygenated blood

Front 20

constitutes the axonal tracts running between brain regions. It can be visualized postmortem, also with Diffusion Weighted Imaging.

Back 20

white matter

Front 21

There are several major tract pathways of the brain (association tracts, commisures, and projection tracts). They are made up of___.

Back 21

white matter

Front 22

52 areas based on the relative districution of cell types across cortical layers

Back 22

Broadmann's areas

Front 23

regulating motor activity and programming and termination of action

Back 23

basal ganglia

Front 24

relates organism to it's enviornment based on current needs and the present siuation and previous experience

Back 24

limbic system

Front 25

main sensory relay station of the brain for all the senses

Back 25

thalamus

Front 26

body temp, hunger thirst, sex, regulation of endocrine functions (growth)

Back 26

hypothalamus

Front 27

grey matter nucleus that forms part of visual pathway

Back 27

superior colliculi

Front 28

grey matter nucleus that forms part of the auditory pathway

Back 28

inferior colliculi

Front 29

dexterity and smooth execution of movement

Back 29

cerebellum

Front 30

receives info from visual areas to control eye and body movement

Back 30

pons

Front 31

vital functions...breathing swallowing, heart rate, wake/sleep cycle

Back 31

medulla oblongata

Front 32

higher mental processes such as thinking percieving imagiving speaking acting and planning

Back 32

cognition

Front 33

bridging dicipline between cognitive science and cognitive psychology (one hand) and biology and neuroscience on the other

Back 33

cognitive neuroscience

Front 34

How is it that a physical substance can gfive rise to our feelings thoughts and emotions?

Back 34

mind body problem

Front 35

brain is made up of different kinds of substance even though they may interact

Back 35

dualism

Front 36

___ was a proponent of dualism.

Back 36

Decarte

Front 37

the belief that mind and brain are two levelsof description of the same thing

Back 37

Dual aspect theory

Front 38

beleif that mind based concepts will eventually be replaced by neuroscientific concepts

Back 38

reductionism

Front 39

___ believed that cognition was a product of the heart.

Back 39

Aristotle

Front 40

___ believed that mental processses resided in the ventricles of the brain

Back 40

Galen

Front 41

FAILED idea that individual difference in cognition can be mapped on the differences in skull shape.
-different regions of brain perform different functions
-size of different regions produces distortions of the skull which reflect personality

Back 41

phrenology

Front 42

___ came up the idea of phrenology

Back 42

Gall and Spurzheim

Front 43

different regions of the brain are pseicalized for different functions

Back 43

functional specialization

Front 44

made a case for functional specialization
specailized area for language in the brain
huge conceptual leap in mind/brain science

Back 44

broca's area

Front 45

Early experimental psychology ignores the____. (despite broca's findings)

Back 45

brain

Front 46

started as a neurologist and neurobiologist. saw many patients and based his observations on data from introspection and free association. developed the powerful enormously popular and infulential theory of psychoanalysis

Back 46

Frued

Front 47

Ian Pavlov
BF skinner

Back 47

Behaviorism

Front 48

the study of the brain-damaged patients to inform theories of normal cognition

Back 48

cognitive neuropsychology

Front 49

approach in which behavior is described in terms of a sequence of cognitive steps

Back 49

information processing

Front 50

later sages of processing can begin before earlier stages are complete

Back 50

interactivity

Front 51

the influence of later stages on the processing of earlier ones

Back 51

top down processing

Front 52

different information is processed at the same time

Back 52

Parallel processing

Front 53

computational models in which information processing occursusing many interconnected nodes

Back 53

neural network models

Front 54

the basic units of neural network models that are acivated in response to activity in other parts of the network

Back 54

nodes

Front 55

accurarcy with which one can measure when an event

Back 55

temporal resolution

Front 56

spatial resolution

Back 56

the accuracy with which one can measure where an event (physiological change) is occuring.

Front 57

According to ___ psychology could only become and objective science if it was based on observable behavior in test subjects.

Back 57

Behaviorism

Front 58

As mental events are not publicly observable, behaviorist psychologists avoided description of ___ or the ___ in their literature.

Back 58

mental processes or the mind

Front 59

Cognitive psychology accepts the use of ___ and generally rejects___ unlike Fruedianism

Back 59

scientific method, introspection

Front 60

It explicitly acknowledges the existence of ___ unlike behaviorism

Back 60

internal mental state

Front 61

-no exlicit symbol processing
-massively parallel
-distributed information
-modeled on the way brain might work

Back 61

connectionism

Front 62

In fMRI B0 is

Back 62

the main field

Front 63

In fMRI xyz are the

Back 63

gradient coils

Front 64

-close as possible to the head
-transmits and recieves radiofrequency signals (amt of energy)
-turned on/off during particular phases of the scanning process

Back 64

the head coil

Front 65

In magnetic resonance, protons have ___ and can be seen as ___.

Back 65

spin, "little magnets"

Front 66

When a uniform magnetic field is applied protons will ___ and have ____.

Back 66

line up
net magnetization

Front 67

H protons spin at an angle like a top then come back to the center...this is called

Back 67

precession

Front 68

Basic Mag Res physics: energy states

Back 68

-a proton/magnet/bar can assume a low or high energy state and relative to the large magnetic field
-protons can be pushed to a high state with radiofrequency (RF) pulse
-when they fall back to low energy state, they emit RF energy

Front 69

In MRI protons will experience a ___ in longitudinal direction.

Back 69

net magnetization

Front 70

Push some protons to ___ with ____RF pulse

Back 70

higher state
transmitted

Front 71

As protons precess back again, they will yield energy which is now ____ by the RF coil

Back 71

recieved

Front 72

contrast is the __________ between different quantities being measured in an imaging system

Back 72

intensity difference

Front 73

Good contrast is produced by ______ in the quantity being measured

Back 73

small differences

Front 74

How does MRI measure contrast?
-the rate of relaxation of the precessing hydrogen proton is governed by -
_____ and _____.

______ signals are affected by the ________ and chemistry.

Back 74

longitudinal time constal T1
transverse time constant T2

t1 and t2
tissue molecular structure

Front 75

We can collect a single MR image for an entire volue (brain) by systematically turning of the _______.

Back 75

different gradient fields

Front 76

_____ is the application of an RF pulse that exites a proton spins within one slice but has no effect on spins outside of the slice.

Back 76

slice selection

Front 77

The slice is defined on its ______, _______, and _______ by application of gradient coils

Back 77

location orientation and thickness

Front 78

_____ tells us about gray and white matter, CSF, tumors and other kinds of brain structure

Back 78

structural imaging

Front 79

______ tells us (indirectly) about the excitability of neurons in particular areas of the gray matter in relation ot the perosn's cognitive state

Back 79

functional imaging

Front 80

Normally, oxyegenated hemoglobin (hg) is converted to deoxygenated hg at ________.

Back 80

constant rate

Front 81

when neurons are active there is relative _____ in oxy hg and _______ in deoxy hg.

this provides the basis for ____.

Back 81

increase oxy
decreased deoxy

contrast!!!

Front 82

oxy hg is_______ while deoxy hg is _______. (which has a magnetic susceptibility 20% greater)

Back 82

diamagnetic
paramagnetic

Front 83

increased magnetic susceptibiility causes a reduced ____.

Back 83

T2 relaxation time

Front 84

If you see somthing scary (while in an fMRI) brain regions that process fear will change their local oxy/deoxy ration _______ than those who do not care about fear. This will produce_______.

Back 84

more
contrast diff

Front 85

_________ induces change in the BOLD signal.

Back 85

Sensory stimulus

Front 86

_____ is like a pixel in 3D.

Back 86

voxel

Front 87

How fMRI study is run

Back 87

-need a representative sample of people
-scan each person on one or more occasion (session)
-within each session, scan separate runs (around 6 min) each
-each run consists of multiple scans (volumes (~1 per 2sec)

Front 88

For ______ images can be used ot produce a contrast volume (eg fearful faces - neutral faces) this has one value at each voxel.

Back 88

single subject

Front 89

_______,volumes can be combine to produce a grand average (2 #'s: mean at each voxel and variance at each voxel).

Back 89

accros subjects

Front 90

At each voxel, mean/variance can be used to produce a__________.

Back 90

t-statistic (for the group)

Front 91

t-stat of all voxel...get some false + need to do correction

Back 91

multiple comparisons problem

Front 92

stimuli, eg happy v sad faces, can be ____ or presented randomly as _______.

Back 92

blocked in time (30 sec/block)
events (mixed up)

Front 93

If a particular voxel "cares" about happy or sad faces then one can predict....

Back 93

how the fMRI signal will change in that voxel

Front 94

One predicts the data by convolving the ______ with the time of the stimulus

Back 94

hymodynamic response fuction

Front 95

What can lesions studies show us that imaging studies can't?

Back 95

-lesions studies establish *necessity*
-ie that a given brain region is necessary for a given cognitive function
-imaging can't do this
-imaging can show activation in a particular region, but it does not prove that that the brain region is essential (or necessary) for the task

Front 96

ways of acquiring brain damage:
(explain each of these)
1.neurosurgery for epilepsy
2.stroke
3. traumatic brain injury
4. cancerous tumors
5.neurodegenerative disorders

Back 96

1.chop out part of the brain
2.arteries constrict and burst...that part of the brain=dead
3. falling
4.remove part of the brain
5. huntington's disease
parkinson's disease

Front 97

above the eyes and in front

Back 97

orbitofrontal

Front 98

if a patient or group of patients is/are impaired on task A but spared on task B this is called...
eg. patients may be fine at coping and drawing, but impaired at seeing left side of space

Back 98

single dissociation

Front 99

-task a uses more of the same brain region than task B
-so not the case that diff brain regions underlie the two tasks

Back 99

task resource artefect

Front 100

-patient or patients perform task A badly bc there was something about the task they didnt understand
-so poor performance on task A might not be related to damage to the region as such
-make sure patients have intact general intellectual functioning (match w control subj w IQ)

Back 100

task demand arefact

Front 101

two diff patients, or 2 diff groups of patients
-group 1 imapaired on task A, but not at B
-group 2 impaired at task B but not at A
-this is very powerful evidence

Back 101

double dissociation
--task resource artefact uses this

Front 102

prob's with single cases

Back 102

-enormous variability btw people:hence to make strong claims about the relation between cognitive function and the brain we need to be able to generalize
-so we need a sample of patients drawn from the population and we need statistics
-if possible, group approach is preferred

Front 103

in group study, three types of grouping

Back 103

1. by syndrome (schizophrenia)
2. by symptom (imulsivity)
3. by anatomical lesion (Right frontal damage)

Front 104

diaschisis

Back 104

remote effects elsewhere, downstream effects

Front 105

prob's with group study

Back 105

-for syndromes : eg schizophrenia...poor characteritics of brain damage
-for studies based on anatomical lesions
-difficult to identify lesion (blast injury)
-non overlapping brain lesions
-diaschisis
(MRI helps all of these)

Front 106

problem of nonoverlapping lesions

Back 106

even if all the patients have damage in left frontal cortex the location of the lesion will be diff
-almost impossible to find patients iwth damage in same place

Front 107

What are the 2 solutions to nonoverlapping lesions

Back 107

1. single voxel lesion symptom mapping
-normalize each person's scan into standard space
-at each voxel, group patients into
a. damage=1 or damage=0
b. perform two sample t-test using behavior as dependent variable
2. the region of interest method
-for each subject
-normalize lesion image into standard space
-compute overlap w each region of interest
-across subjects correlate amt of damage to each region of interest with behavioral variable
2. region of interest method

Front 108

rodents and monkeys/non human animal models
-suck out part of the brain

Back 108

ablation via suction

Front 109

rodents and monkeys/non human animal models
damage a particular area

Back 109

excitotic lesions

Front 110

rodents and monkeys/non human animal models
put probe in brain boost brain regions temorarily turn a region off for short period

Back 110

infusions

Front 111

probe measures activity

Back 111

neurophysiological recording

Front 112

neuroransmitter recording via probe

Back 112

dialysis

Front 113

advantages of rodent and monkey lesion models relative to humans

Back 113

-within subjet design
-complete control
-histology- sacrifice model, slice brain, confirm lesion is where they think

Front 114

disadvantages of rodent and monkey lesion models relative to humans

Back 114

-ethical issues
-non-human special limits generality
...rodents can't think...plan..

Front 115

noninvasive simulation of the brain caused by rapidly changing electrical current in a coil held over scalp

Back 115

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Front 116

a surgical procedure in which the fibers of the corpus callosum are severed

Back 116

split brain

Front 117

if two tasks share the same neural/cognitive resource but one task uses it more then the damage to this reource will affect one task more than the other

Back 117

task resource artefact

Front 118

one task is performed worse than another bc the tastk is performed suboptimally but not bc some aspect of the task is comprimised

Back 118

task demand artefact

Front 119

two single dissociations that have a complementary profile of abilities

Back 119

double dissociation

Front 120

difficulties in spelling and writing

Back 120

dysgrpahia

Front 121

a cluster of diff symptoms that are believed t be relationed in some meaningful way

Back 121

syndrome

Front 122

swelling of the brain following an injury

Back 122

oedema

Front 123

discrete brain lesion can disrupt the fuctioning of distant brain regions that are structurally intact

Back 123

diaschisis

Front 124

if there is a decrement in performance associated with doing two things at once then it suggests that these two tasks share cognitive processes

Back 124

dual task interference

Front 125

internal surface of the eyes containing photoreceptors that convert light into neural signals

Back 125

retina

Front 126

a type of photorecpetor specialized for low levels of light intensity such as those found at night

Back 126

rod cells

Front 127

a type of photoreceptor specialized for high levels of light intensity, such as those found during the day and specialized for the detection of diff wavelengths

Back 127

cone cells

Front 128

the pt at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, there are no rods and cones present there

Back 128

blind spot

Front 129

first stage of the visual processing in the cortex, the region retains the spacial relationships found on the retina and combines simple visual features into mroe complex ones

Back 129

primary visual cortex (V1)

Front 130

in vision cells that respond to light in a particular orientation

Back 130

simple cells

Front 131

in vision cells that respond to light in aparticular orientation but do not respnd to single points of light

Back 131

complex cells

Front 132

in vision cells that respond to particular orientations and particular lengths

Back 132

hypercomplex cells

Front 133

a failure to detect a sudden change in the visual scene

Back 133

change blindness

Front 134

cortical blindness resticted to one half of the visual field (associated with damgage to the primary visual cortex in one hemisphere)

Back 134

hemianopia

Front 135

cortical blindness resticted to a quarter of the visual field

Back 135

quadrantanopia

Front 136

a small region of cortical blindness

Back 136

scotoma

Front 137

a symptom in which the patient reports not being able to consciously see stimuli in a particular region but can nevertheless perform visual discrimations accurately

Back 137

blindsight

Front 138

region of the extra striate associated with color

Back 138

v4

Front 139

a failure to perceive color (world appears in greyscale) not to be confused with colorblindness

Back 139

achromatopsia

Front 140

a failure to perceive visual motion

Back 140

akinetopsia

Front 141

the color of a surface is percieved as constant even when illuminated in diff light conditions

Back 141

color constantcy

Front 142

the ability to detect wherther a stiumulus is animate or not from movement cues alone

Back 142

biolgical motion

Front 143

a memory representation of the three dimensional structure of objects

Back 143

structural descriptions

Front 144

a failure to understand the meaning of objects due to a deficit a the level of object perception

Back 144

apperceptive agnosia

Front 145

a failure to understand the meaning of objects due to deficit at the level of sematic memory

Back 145

associative agnosia

Front 146

LGN made up of __ layers

Back 146

6

Front 147

______ have concentric receptive fields with either on-center off surround or off center on surround.

Back 147

LGN

Front 148

In LGN When light covers both center and surround there is...

Back 148

no change

Front 149

on center off surround cells fire rapidly when light is ______ region but not when ____.

Back 149

on the center
light is on surround region.

Front 150

receptive fields of the striate V1 are _______

Back 150

NOT CIRCLES
but elongated (stripes bars lines)

Front 151

T or F... a v1 cell will respond to any line

Back 151

FALSE... v1 cells show orientation tuning...cell is tuned to detect lines in a particular orientation

Front 152

circular receptive fields of LGN are transformed into

Back 152

elongated v1 receptive fields. multiple LGN cells line up and feed into a single v1 cell (simple cell)

Front 153

everything in the visual scene is made up of

Back 153

lines

Front 154

complete damage to v1 leads to _______.

Back 154

cortical blindness

Front 155

loss of one eye or optic nerve of that eye results in....

Back 155

blindness of that one eye...but other eye can still see both sides of space

Front 156

when a subject can recieve visual info without awareness- it is typically because of

Back 156

cortical damage
-amgydala activation to angry face even without awareness
ie. "blindsight"

Front 157

earliest processes in vision gives rise to...

Back 157

edges and orientations

Front 158

later states group these elements into

Back 158

higher order mechasnisms such as figure and ground

Front 159

figures out what viewer centered descriptions mean

Back 159

semantic system

Front 160

grouping features into hiher order representations

Back 160

gestalt psychology

Front 161

the dog is not recognized by identifing its parts and then inferring the dog..the dog is percieved as a whole all at once

Back 161

emergence

Front 162

the experienced percept contains more explicit spaial info than the sensory stimulus on which it is based

Back 162

reification

Front 163

ambiguous perceptual experience pops back and forth unstably between two 2 or more alternative interpretations

Back 163

multistability

Front 164

objects are recognized independent of rotation translation and scale as well as elastic deformation

Back 164

invariance

Front 165

where does object recognition happen in the brain

Back 165

-as info flows from v1 along the ventral visual pathway, more and more processing is done and the cells have larger and larger receptive fields
-we know that higher areas of occipital cortex and also the inferotemporal crtex are important because of:
patient work
neurophysiology

Front 166

disorders of object recognition

Back 166

agnosias

Front 167

"Higher" (ie areas outside the occipital cortex) are important for

Back 167

object recognition

Front 168

people who can't name living objects

Back 168

associative agnosia

Front 169

people with this type of agnosia (HJA) would have difficulty with recognizing pics of objects..but can describe the parts.. integrating parts into wholes (Gesalt principles)
preserved copying and drawing, but couldnt tell you what he drew.. couldnt tell you if the object he drew was real or not
could draw an owl from memory

Back 169

apperceptive agnosia

Front 170

Infero-temporal neurons have ______ receptive fields

Back 170

very large

Front 171

Why is the "grandmother cell" hypothesis probably not true?

Back 171

-seems unlikely that single cells could code for single objects
-instead multiple visual areas could code for diff features and these come togeher to ensemble

Front 172

medial temporal lobe consists of three things

Back 172

amgdala and hippocampus
parahippocampus
fusiform area

Front 173

regions of the temporal cortex probably specific for

Back 173

categories
-faces
-animate objects
-inanimate objects

Front 174

In fMRI BOLD signal changes with

Back 174

ratio of oxy/deoxy blood
-blood flow in a local region change siwth neural activity
-across time in a particular brain region one can measure how MR signal changes depending on if/when the subject saw a visual sitmulus

Front 175

congential (@birth) prosapagnosics have _____FFA

Back 175

smaller

Front 176

From grebles experiement we can see that the FFA may just be...

Back 176

not a "face area" but a configural expert processing area

Front 177

similar to FFA there may be an area that specializes in recognizing places called

Back 177

PPA parahippocampal place area

Front 178

wound coil
placed over subject's head
current flows through the coil
generates mag field
induces current in underlying brain
alters brain funct

Back 178

TMS transcranial magnetic stimulation

Front 179

type of TMS: could faciitate or disrupt

Back 179

single pulse

Front 180

generally disruptive (rirtual lesion)

Back 180

low fequency repetitive TMS (rtms) <1hz

Front 181

generally facilitory...treatment for depression

Back 181

high frequency rTMS >1 Hz

Front 182

How do we control in tms

Back 182

compare performance when stimulation is given in critical and non crital brain regions...
compare performace for same task on diff hemispheres

Front 183

in tms structural and functional MRI can be used

Back 183

frameless stereotaxy

Front 184

in tms single pulses given to brain region __ task performance

Back 184

during

Front 185

excitability of corticaspinal tract monitored with

Back 185

electromyography

Front 186

if a brain area eg MT (V5) performs a citical function, TMS over the area may _____ performance

Back 186

disrupt

Front 187

if brain area eg v5 competes with another area the TMS over v5 may ______ performance

Back 187

facilitate

Front 188

advantages of TMS over organic lesions

Back 188

1.less reorganization
2.can address timing of cognition
3. lesion is focal
4. lesion can be moved within participant

Front 189

disadvantages of TMS over organic lesions

Back 189

1. subcortex can't be studied
2. effects not always well understood...could be affecting remote regions or networks

Front 190

-subject respnds fast to Go grials
-on some trials a stop signal occurs after the go signal
-main dependent variable is stop signal rxn time

Back 190

stop signal paradigm

Front 191

-900 pulses of TMS given at 1 hz to subjects before the main test
-low frequency technique is thought to depress cortical activity
-virtual lesion
-lasts ~30 min
-in L hemisphere it can produce speech arrest

Back 191

low freq rTMS

Front 192

R inferior frontal gyrus disruption affects

Back 192

repsonse inhibition

Front 193

demonstrates that attention can
operate on a spatial basis
• The cue summons attention to
a location
• On valid trials, processing at the
target location will be quicker,
relative to neutral
• On invalid trials it will be slower,
relative to neutral

Back 193

The Posner orienting paradigm

Front 194

The cue ‘captures’ the spotlight of attention and facilitates
processing at that location
• At delays of 300ms and above, the reverse pattern is found
• The spotlight may shift there, but if no target comes quickly, it
‘disengages’ - called

Back 194

inhibition of return.

Front 195

is “stimulus-driven
attention”, relates to arousal
and neurotransmitter
systems
• It interrupts current
processing, leading to
localization of cue or target in
space

Back 195

Alerting

Front 196

from a location
likely involves the parietal
cortex - as we’ll see soon
• If target does not appear at
cued location, attention may
move away, re-engaging with
a new location and perhaps
inhibiting the representation
of the old one

Back 196

Disengaging

Front 197

type of orienting that is alerting,
stimulus driven, bottom-up
• Measured by comparing
infrequent unattended targets
(invalid) vs. frequent attended
ones (valid)

Back 197

Exogenous

Front 198

type of orienting that is goal driven,
top-down
• Measured by contrasting cuedriven
attentional
engagement (valid) with noninformative
cue (neutral)

Back 198

Endogenous

Front 199

..... engages a ventral
frontoparietal network (right hemisphere)

Back 199

Exogenous attention

Front 200

......engages
a dorsal frontoparietal network (both
hemispheres)

Back 200

Endogenous or top-down attention

Front 201

.... typically associated with
working memory

Back 201

Dorsolateral PFC

Front 202

Perceptual features such as color and
orientation are coded in parallel PRIOR to
attention
• If the target does not share features it ‘pops
out’
• But if it does, then one needs to bring together
information about several features (color AND
orientation) = conjunction
• assumes that this occurs by allocating
spatial attention to the location of candidate
targets/objects
• If the object is not the target then the spotlight
moves on - this is a slow process

Back 202

Feature Integration Theory

Front 203

Evidence against feature integration
theory

Back 203

FIT is an example of an early
selection model of attention
• It assumes that information is
selected at the level of individual
features
• But late selection theories
suggest that all incoming
information is processed up to
the level of meaning before
selection occurs
• The negative priming paradigm
is evidence for late selection

Front 204

shows that attentional
process of distractor must have occurred up to the
level of semantic category, not just features

Back 204

The negative priming paradigm

Front 205

If there is a low perceptual load (just a few objects)
then subjects could process each object up to the
semantic level:

Back 205

Late selection

Front 206

But if there is a high perceptual, then this might be
impossible, and subjects revert to selecting at the
level of features:

Back 206

Feature integration and early
selection

Front 207

involves superior parietal lobe and dorsal frontal
cortex
– Could relate to memory circuits helping to modulate spatial
receptive fields

Back 207

Top down attention

Front 208

involves inferior parietal lobe and ventral frontal cortex
– Could relate to a circuit-braking function to stop current behavior

Back 208

Alerting

Front 209

can “boost” representations in fusiform face area
or hippocampal place area or other areas like V5, V4 etc.

Back 209

Selective attention

Front 210

Top-down attention, re-orienting,
endogenous

Back 210

dorsal frontoparietal****

Front 211

Bottom-up attention, stimulus driven,
alerting, exogenous,

Back 211

ventral frontoparietal*****

Front 212

Right temporo-parietal
damage gives....

Back 212

left hemi-neglect

Front 213

L hemiNeglect most likely produced by
damage to

Back 213

right angular gyrus

Front 214

Neglect: problem of low level
perception or attention?

Back 214

not a low level problem

Front 215

Neglect: problem of low level
perception or attention?

Back 215

not low level
must be attention

Front 216

T or F: Space is not represented in the brain as a single entity

Back 216

true

Front 217

T or F:Neglect can occur for spatial mental
images too

Back 217

true

Front 218

Bilateral parietal damage produces________
• Such patients only notice one object
at a time: ___________

Back 218

Balint’s syndrome
simultanagnosia

Front 219

The parietal lobe is large -

Back 219

different parts may
represent different aspects of space!

Front 220

Extinguished objects are

Back 220

implicitly
remembered

Front 221

a map of space coding relative to the position of the body

Back 221

allocentric space

Front 222

integrating information across sensory modialitities

Back 222

cross-modal perception

Front 223

a slowing of reaction time associated with going back to a perviously attended location

Back 223

inhibition of return

Front 224

attention that is externally guided by a stimulus

Back 224

exogenous orienting

Front 225

attention is guided by the goals of the periceiver

Back 225

endogenous orienting

Front 226

in non-lesioned brain there is over attention to the left side of space

Back 226

pseudoneglect

Front 227

if ignored object suddenly becomes the attended object the participants are slower at processing it

Back 227

negative priming

Front 228

a tendency to mislocalize heard sounds onto a seen source of potential sound

Back 228

ventriloquist effecta variant of the visual search paradigm in which the patient must search for targets in a array normally striking them through as they are found

Front 229

when presented with two stimuli at the same time (one in each hemisphere) then the stimulus on the opposite side of the lesion is not consciously percieved

Back 229

extinction

Front 230

a representational system for coding space

Back 230

reference frames

Front 231

test of spatial memory develped for rodents that requires learning and retaining the location of a hidden platform submerged in opague water

Back 231

water maze

Front 232

neurons that respond when an animal is in a particular location in allocentric space

Back 232

place cells