Cognitive Neuroimaging Module 1: Intro

Front 1

neurons in the brain?

Back 1

200 billion

Front 2

connections of each neuron?

Back 2

between 5000 and 200.000. in total more connections in the brain than atoms in universe.

Front 3

of what does the nervous system consist? (what cells)

Back 3

neurons (the information cells)

glial (supportive cels)

Front 4

name a few types of neurons

Back 4

- pyramidal cell
-double pyramidal cell
-cell of thalamic nucleus
-spindle shaped cell
-ovoid cell
-granule cell
-small gelatinosa cell
-small reticular formation
-neuron from putamen of lantiform nucleus
-inferior olivary nucles neuron
-purkineje cell
-globus pallidus cell
-large reticular cell

Front 5

4 parts of the neuron

Back 5

-cell body (soma)
-dendrites (info get)
-axon (info send)
-axon terminal (info to other --> synapse)

Front 6

main job of cell body

Back 6

host cell organelles, make stuff for the cell (metabolise) and transport stuff to where needed. like neurotransmitter to axon terminals

Front 7

main job dendrites

Back 7

antennas of the cell (but can also receive signal on cell body)

signal on dendrite comes in graded potential (NOT AP!)

Front 8

hwat are apical / basal dendrites

Back 8

apical - often a large ongoing dendrite from the tip of a pyrimidal cell

basal dendrite - often the more horizontal dendrites. from neurons near.

Front 9

job axons?

Back 9

send signal to other cells, in way of action potential (AP)

Front 10

axon terminals?

Back 10

signal from cell 1 to cell 2. in way of synapses. mostly chemical, sometimes electrical (with gap junctions)

Front 11

what is white matter?

Back 11

bundle of axons

Front 12

what is gray matter

Back 12

groups of cell bodys (in cortex)

Front 13

what do glial cells do?

Back 13

support neurons. either structures, metabolic, or functional.

Front 14

what more: glial or neurons?

Back 14

glial about 10x more than neurons

Front 15

types of glial cells

Back 15

microglial - defensive
asterocyte - supportive, nutrition (food from blood to neuron)
oligodendrocyte - insulation (like schwann cells, but for central nervous system)

Front 16

neurovascular unit?

Back 16

neuron, asterocyte next to neuron, bound to cappilairy with its "foot". serving as xfer between neuron and blood

Front 17

front ?

Back 17

frontal (cranial/oral/rostral)

Front 18

back? (near cerebellum)

Back 18

caudal (occipital)

Front 19

up?

Back 19

dorsal (parietal)

Front 20

down?

Back 20

ventral (basal)

Front 21

artery leading to the circle of willis?

Back 21

cebral artery (left and right)
they end up as the basilar artery

Front 22

where do the posterior cebral arteries go to?

Back 22

the left/right hemispheres, more on the inside, and then the posterior/caudal part

Front 23

where do the anterior cerebral arteries go to?

Back 23

inside of the hemispheres, left and right ofc, and the more frontal/anterior part

Front 24

where do the middle cerebreal arties go to

Back 24

outside the head, on the hemisphres outer sides of the cortex, left and right. it emerges from the lateral sulcus.

Front 25

what do the communication arteries do

Back 25

they connect the larger vessles . like between the PCA and the ICA, (posterior communication artery) between the left and right ACA (anterior communication artery)

Front 26

from outside to inside on the head

Back 26

skin
(periosteum)
bone of skull
Dura matter (periosteal/meningeal)
arachnoid matter
(blood vessels between these two)
pia matter

Front 27

what is central nervous system

Back 27

brain and spinal chord.

perception, action
learning, memory
personality, emoties, behavior

Front 28

what is peripheral nervous system

Back 28

nerves to muscles/glands/organis and receptors/organs on the body, coming from/going to the spinal chord.

Front 29

whats is a tractus

Back 29

tract, bundle of axons. typical white matter. in the brain

Front 30

how many layers in the cortex, and what made of?

Back 30

6 layers, made from grey matter, neuron bodys

Front 31

how is white and gray matter organised in spinal chord

Back 31

bodys inside, axons outside. so gray inside, white outside.

Front 32

explain embryology of the brain

Back 32

-neural plate
-folds
-neural canal (tube)
-tube devided in 3 to 5 vesicles, each becoming a brainpart
-tube folds, ventricles are: telencephalon(hemisphere)/diencephalon/mesencephalon (midbrain)/(rhombencephalon)/spinal chord
-telencephalon starts to make gyri and sulci

Front 33

what is myelencephalon

Back 33

medulla oblongata. end part of brain, to spinal chord. autonomous stuff happens here. lots of white matter

Front 34

what is metencephalon

Back 34

hindbrain. cerebellum + pons.
crossing nerves from pons to cerebellum.
cerebellum = fine motor control. (actual move + motor plan = analysis)

Front 35

what does brain stem consist of?

Back 35

myelencephalon + metencephalon

Front 36

what is mesencephalon

Back 36

small part in midle of brain, behind pons.
cucleus ruber
substantia nigra
tectum / colliculi = reflexed
peri aqueductal grey (pain )

Front 37

what is dienephalon

Back 37

hypothalamus
behavior, autonomous stuff. internal state check.
bound to pituitary gland (hypofyse)

thalamus
relat station to cortex. sensory stuff through here (except olfactory)

Front 38

what is telencephalon

Back 38

cerebrum. big brain. cortex

Front 39

the 2 main sulci?

Back 39

sulcus centralis (ongeveer by motorcortex)

sulcus lateralis (horizontal part. around brocas area i think)

Front 40

main gyri

Back 40

gyrs precentralis (frontal of sulcus centrallis)
gyrus postcentralis (caudal of sulcus centralis)

Front 41

5 lobes of cortex

Back 41

frontal lobe
temporal lobe
parietal lobe (top of brain)
occipital lobe (back of brain, Visual)
(limbic lobe)

Front 42

what is the insular cortex?

Back 42

hidden piece of cortex burried in the sulcus lateralis.

Front 43

can layeing differ?

Back 43

yes, per part of the brain layers can be thicker or thinner

Front 44

what is a homunculus

Back 44

a spatial representation of either sensory or motor cortex.

Front 45

name 4 subcortical organisations in the telencephalon

Back 45

basal ganglia
hippocampus
amygdala

fibertracts (white matter)

Front 46

name 10 organisations of the limbic system (and the 3 superorganisation)

Back 46

cortical
- medial prefrontal cortex
- cingulate gyrus
- parahippocampal cortex

subcortical
- hippocampus
-amygdala
-hypothalamus

fiber bundles
-fornix
-cingulum
-stria terminalis
-mammilothalamic tract

Front 47

what connects the 2 hemispheres mainly?

Back 47

corpus callosum