Cognitive Final

Front 1

algorithm

Back 1

exact analytical procedure

Front 2

heuristic

Back 2

rule of thumb

Front 3

induction

Back 3

process in which one begins with specific facts or observation and then draws some general conclusion form them.

Front 4

deduction

Back 4

is drawing a specific claim

Front 5

prescriptive aka normative

Back 5

tells us how things ought to be. its is an average result in the long run.

Front 6

descriptive

Back 6

tells us how things are

Front 7

What are the limitations of normative models

Back 7

they are based on strong assumptions which aren't always realistic.
slow and error prone
often not robust (sensitive to corrupt data)

Front 8

reason based approch

Back 8

heuristic approach
* evaluation of each choice and its reasons for and against it.
* weigh each reason
*integrate over the reasons which were considered, determine relative attractiveness and then chose the best.

Front 9

what are the perks for decision heuristics?

Back 9

1) security: ensure the worst isnt too bad
2) potential: hoping for the best
3) aspiration level: need to achieve a certain result.
4) anticipated regret: wanting to not end up with the worst.

Front 10

What are two types of probability judgment heuristics?

Back 10

1) availability
2) representativeness

Front 11

availability heuristic

Back 11

strategy used to judge the frequency of a certain type of object or likely hood of a certain type of event.

assessing the ease of coming up with examples.

Front 12

What does the organization of our memory do to availability hueristic?

Back 12

creats bias in what is easily available. some things are more available to us that others. with can lead to a bias.

Front 13

representative hueristic

Back 13

used when making judgments about categories. Assuming the category will most likely resemble its prototype.

make predictions based on experiences.

categories are homogeneous.

can also lead to error

Front 14

What are the three inference rules in deductive reasoning>

Back 14

1) transitivity
2) modus ponens
3) modus tollens

Front 15

Transitivity

Back 15

A --> B (battery dead, car wont start)
B --> C (Car wont start, late to work)
A --> C (Battery dead, late to work)

Front 16

modus ponens

Back 16

justifies conclusions in this sense...

if A is true then B is true.
A is true
There for B must be true

The battery is dead so the car wont start

Front 17

modus tollen

Back 17

Justifies conclusions in this sense...

is A is true then B is true
B is false
So A must be false too.

The car STARTED so the battery isnt dead.

Hardest for people to understand.

Front 18

Confirmation bias

Back 18

neglecting to check counterfactuals.

Front 19

What is gestalts theory for problem solving?

Back 19

1) prepare
2) incubation
3) spontaneous restructuring
4) verification

Front 20

Whats the general problem solving theory?

Back 20

1) evolution
2) exploration
3) elaboration

Front 21

what is consciousness

Back 21

is where you live, central to being who you are.

many stages.

Front 22

what are the fuctions

Back 22

maintain representations over extended time.
make connections among disparate modules.
detect conflicts among independent processes.
interrupt and override automatized procedures
allow access to the justifications for actions.
and most of all support articulation of thoughts.