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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is visual imagery? |
A conscious sensory experience that may occur without stimuli of the sensory system |
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Analog/ Spacial theory? |
VI and VP are the same |
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Propositional theory? |
VI and VP are different |
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F-Task? |
Walk thru an F with VI or VP. Quicker with verbal direction then vision because of selective interference |
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Map scanning test? |
Taking longer to travel to the places further away on the memorized map showed evidence of analog spacial |
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Visual field study? |
Slower response times in imagining a rabbit next to an elephant and clarifying if it has whisker then when it's next to a fly shows evidence for analog spacial |
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Mental rotation? |
3 objects rotated in space and asked of similair... VI to rotate in soace |
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How does language relate to imagery |
Symbolic in nature, not really visualizing but thinking if symbolic characteristics of the object |
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Neuropsychology and imagery? |
Able to tell differences with brain damage people being able to have VP w/out VI and Visa versa |
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FMRI study? |
Do VP and VI tasks l, found same areas of brain being activated for both. Stronger activation for VP in sensory systems |
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What is the transcranial magnet stimulation(TMS)? |
sends magnetic energy to the brain. When put over VP areas of the brain it caused disruptions to both VP and VI. This shows evidence for Analog Spacial |
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When considering VI and VP how do they use bottom-up and top-down processing? |
VP and VI both use the higherorder visual processes (top-down) while VP also involves bottom-up processing |
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Define Language? |
System of communication using sounds or symbols that enables us to express our feelings thoughts and ideas |
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Define Psycholinguistics? |
the psychological study of language |
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What does Wernicke's area of the brain do? |
Language Comprehension: helps us understand words and sentence |
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What does Broca's area of the brain do? |
Language Production: Mental process of producing speech |
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Psycholinguistic acquisition? |
How people learn a language |
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Psycholinguistic Representation? |
is how language is represented cognitively and biologically |
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Define Morpheme? |
Meaning: combines phenomes to create partial words |
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Define Phenomes? |
Sounds, no meaning |
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Phenomic restoration effect? |
The ability to fit the word together by inferring what the missing sound was. a cough or loud noise when someone is talking |
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Speech segmentation effect |
The brain automatically breaks sentences down by grouping the speech together w/top-down knowledge of language |
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Word frequency effect? |
1) Low: a word we rarely hear 2) High: a word we often hear |
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Lexical ambiguity effect? |
Context helps us cue the correct version of a double meaning word |
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Text comprehension, the difference between verbatim and gist? |
We usually refer to gist to maintain coherence |
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What is reinstatement search? |
Searching for information in LTM because it is not available in STM. This slows reading |
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What is an inference? |
When information isn't in LTM or STM so we guess. Slows reading and hurts comprehension |
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What causes speech errors? |
Phenomic exchanges and word exchanges, not unconscious motives as Freud may suggest |
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Define Phenomic exchanges? |
Incorrectly switching phenomes; "Pobody's Nerfict." |
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Define word exchanges? |
Incorrectly placing words in sentences; "I need to store to the go." |
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Define word substitutes, what another word for it? |
Malapropism: substitute based on similar sounds can also be done by substituting due to meaning |
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What areas of the brain are language processing? |
Frontal areas, auditor, visual, motor and more... |
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What are problems and how do you get through? them |
When there are obstacles between your initial state and the goal state. The ability to get past these obstacles is problem-solving |
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Two types of problems? |
1)Well defined: Clear correct answer to the problem 2) Ill-defined problem: more than one correct answer, usually unclear (Everyday problems) |
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Gestalts most important approach to problem-solving? |
The initial mental representation of the problem and how you reorganize/ restructure it... different representations of the same problem can lead to better solutions |
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Gestalt role of insight? |
An "all of the sudden" solution. Ex: Triangle problem |
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What are non-insight problems? |
Understanding and steadily coming to a solution; math problems |
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Warmth rating between math and insight problems? |
Warmer for math problems; colder for insight problems |
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Incubation, and the three possible reasons for it? |
Coming to a solution while taking a break, usually only happens with insight problems 1) Break of mental set 2)Relief from mental fatigue 3) unconscious processing. |
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Functional Fixedness? |
The focus on the common use of an object hinders our finding for more creative uses of the item. Ex: 1) Candle on wall 2) Two string problem with a wrench |
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What are the two gestalt approaches to problem-solving |
1) Functional Fixedness 2) Information processing approach |
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Situationally produced mental sets? |
Focussing on one way of solving problems because it worked in the past. Water jug problem |
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Information Processing approach to problem-solving? |
Focuses on each step from the initial state to the goal state which is the intermediate stage. |
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What is an operator in the IP approach to problem-solving? |
A rule that specifies allowable moves. |
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What is the means-end analysis in IP approach? |
An attempt of reducing the difference between the initial state and the goal state. Sometimes only working towards goal state can be detrimental. |
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What area of the brain seems to be related to problem-solving? |
The prefrontal cortex, PLanning is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex |
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What is reasoning? |
Mental process involved with making a decision where there is more than one solution |
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What are the two types of reasoning? |
1) Inductive reasoning: Have probably outcomes based on (Can make probable conclusions. 2) Deductive reasoning: certain outcomes |
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What are syllogisms, and what type of reasoning do they use? |
Have a conclusion based on two premises. A type of deductive logic |
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When does validity occur? |
When a conclusion follows the premises logically. A conclusion can be valid without being true. |
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What is the Wason four-card problem? |
Have four cards and 2 letters 2 numbers figure out which two cards to flip to get the right outcome. Want a letter by a number, do 1st and 2nd card. |
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Why do people usually choose the wrong cards to flip in the Wason four-card problem? |
Confirmation Bias. People tend to do better in the Concrete (People beer) than abstract (Numbers) |
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What is inductive reasoning and when is it used? |
Probable conclusion: used in everyday life and scientific reasoning. |
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Define a heuristic? |
Mental shortcut the ability to fill in the blank: _hi_k_n. Economic psychology. |
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Do heuristics always work? |
No |
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What is a representativeness heuristic? |
When making probability judgments about people is many characteristics that share with the category |
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Base rate neglect occurs when? |
When making probability judgments gets in the way of initial data. |
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What is the conjunction fallacy? |
Probability of two events occurring together cannot be more probable than one event happening. |
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In decision making, the framing effect? |
The way we word/ present information can change the way others think/decide. |
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What is the ratio difference principle? |
Impact of numerical difference increases as the ratio increases. |
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What is and when do people tend to be risk averse? |
When they have potential gains, and it's trying to accept gain. Taking the sure thing. |
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What is and when do people tend to be risk-seeking? |
When they have potential low and it's trying to avoid loss by adding potentially greater loss |
