Cognitive Disorders

Front 1

These disorders are presumed to be caused by transient or permanent dysfunctions of the brain,
affecting the thinking process, memory and other brain functions.

Back 1

Cognitive disorders

Front 2

In ___they were discussed under organic mental
syndromes and organic disorders.

Back 2

DSM-III R

Front 3

_________tests asses functions like memory and manual dexterity (hand-eye
coordination).___ tests permit direct monitoring of the brain. They include the __, the
__ and the __ scan.

Back 3

The Assesment of Brain Damage.
Neuropsychological ;Neurological
EEG,MRI,CAT

Front 4

The __ and __ scans and __ help determine the location and extent of brain damage.
___ is defined as a lesion in a specific area of the brain which disrupts other intact ares.

Back 4

,cat,pet,mri;
Diaschisis

Front 5

caused by something within the person such as insufficient blood
oxygen, which destroys brain cells.

Back 5

Endogenous brain damage

Front 6

brain damage is caused by an external factor such as a blow to the head.

Back 6

Exogenous

Front 7

is rather generalized and widespread.

Back 7

Diffuse damage

Front 8

brain damage is localized.

Back 8

specific

Front 9

brain disorder is temporary and reversible.

Back 9

Acute

Front 10

includes permanent and irreversible brain damage

Back 10

Chronic brain disorder

Front 11

People within no brain damage may be diagnosed having cognitive disorder, for example in the
case of depression.

Back 11

diagnostic problems

Front 12

Neurological tests cannot differentiate between brain damaged and
schizophrenic patients. The elderly are vulnerable to being inaccurately diagnosed as brain
damaged.

Back 12

diagnostic problems

Front 13

Symptoms include impairment of memory and decline of cognitive functioning. There is gradual
onset and continuing cognitive decline. ____ disease accounts for most of dementia in the
elderly. It involves deterioration of brain tissues and cells.

Back 13

Dementia, alsheimer's

Front 14

Symptoms included impairment in consciousness and disorientation. Thinking becomes
disorganized. ____ can be caused by general medical conditions, substance abuse and high
fevers due to viral infection of the brain. (but no loss of brain cells in delirium)

Back 14

Delirium

Front 15

Symptoms include memory impairment in learning new information or remembering past events.
The most common cause is __ ___.

Back 15

Amnestic disorders;
Wernicke's Encephalapathy

Front 16

A ___ is a physical wound or injury to the brain. The greater the tissue damage, the more
impaired the functioning will be.

Back 16

trauma;

Front 17

caused by a blow

Back 17

concussion

Front 18

shift in the brain

Back 18

contusion

Front 19

tearing of the brain
tissue

Back 19

laceration

Front 20

headaches, dizziness, nausea, and personality changes

Back 20

major symptoms of brain tumors

Front 21

A sudden stop of blood flow to a part of the brain due to a _____ can cause a stroke. Stroke is the___ major cause of death in the United
States. It also can be caused by arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries).

Back 21

breakage or blockage of a
blood vessel; third

Front 22

_____caused by brain cell deterioration due to aging, which causes memory loss.

Back 22

Senile Dementia

Front 23

Alzheimer's disease is the fourth leading cause of death in the U.S. It causes _____ of the brain. The etiology is unknown. Reduced level of ___ in the brain, exposure to aluminum, infections, etc., may be among causative factors.

Back 23

atrophy of cortical tissues; acetylcholine

Front 24

Symptoms include muscular tremors, stiff gait which gets progressively worse. The disease is associated with lesions in the motor area of the brainstem and diminished level of dopamine in the brain.

Back 24

Parkinson's Disease

Front 25

Dementia may be the first sign of AIDS including inability to concentrate or perform
complex mental tasks. AIDS-related infections may cause neuropsychological problems.

Back 25

AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)

Front 26

__ is caused by spirochete Treponema pallidum. The spirochete directly damages the brain or the nervous system causing general paresis (psychosis associated with syphilis)

Back 26

Neurosyphilis (General Paresis)
Syphilis

Front 27

This disorder is caused by brain inflammation due to viral infection. Symptoms include
headache, diminished consciousness and delirium.

Back 27

Encephalitis

Front 28

This disorder is cause by inflammation of the meninges of the brain due to bacteria, virus
or fungi.

Back 28

Meningitis

Front 29

A genetically transmitted disorder with symptoms including jerky, rapid, and repetitive
movements. this first symptoms may be moodiness and depression.

Back 29

Huntington chorea

Front 30

A tumor is a mass of abnormal tissues growing within the brain, which can cause disturbances
of consciousness among many others. A tumor may be benign (nin-cancerous) or malignant
(cancerous).

Back 30

Cerebral tumors

Front 31

This disordder is characterized by intermittent and brief periods of altered consciousness with
seizures due to excessive electrical discharge of the brain cells. ___ is one of the earliest
recognized cognitive disorders. Momentary or violent convulsions and coma may occur.

Back 31

Epilepsy

Front 32

The most common and dramatic type of epileptic seizure. Before the seizures, the patient hears
an "aura" which is followed by a loss of consciousness. Muscles become rigid. The eyes remain
open. Jerky movements begin with biting tongue followed by coma, which lasts from a few seconds to a few hours.

Back 32

Grand Mal Seizures

Front 33

The symptoms include momentary dimming or loss of consciousness, sometimes with
convulsive momements. Seizures last a few seconds and the patient may be unaware of
them.This type of epilepsy usually disappears with aging and is controlled by medication.

Back 33

Petit Mal Seizures

Front 34

These seizures typically begin in one part of the body and spread to other parts. They are usually due to a localized and specific brain lesion.

Back 34

Jacksonian Seizures

Front 35

Symptoms include loss of consciousness during which a person engages in well-organized and normal-appearing behavior.
All the epileptic seizures are caused by excessive neural (electrical) discharges of the brain due to a variety of factors.

Back 35

Psychomotor Seizures

Front 36

Using psychoactive substances can result in cognitive disorders such as dementia, delirium, and
amnestic disorders. This is very true with PCP and LSD.

Back 36

Psychoactive Substances

Front 37

Major treatment approaches include surgery, medication, psychological treatment and
environmental interventions.

Back 37

Treatment Considerations

Front 38

Various drugs can be used to prevent, control, or reduce the symptoms of brain disorders,
especially epilepsy

Back 38

. Medication

Front 39

Memory improvement techniques and other strategies have been used.

Back 39

Cognitive and Behavioral Approaches

Front 40

Support of family is essential. Caregivers may need support also.

Back 40

Environmental Interventions

Front 41

Scores from intelligence tests referred to intelligence quotients (I.Q.)
are used as indexes of mental retardation. Usually an I. Q. of 100 is considered to be normal I.Q.
on all the intelligence tests.

Back 41

Diagnosing Mental Retardation

Front 42

Impoverished and under-stimulated environmentas may lead to mental
retardation.

Back 42

Environmental Factors

Front 43

Mental retardation runs in families. It has strong genetic etiology.

Back 43

Genetic factors

Front 44

A good example is Down Syndrome

Back 44

(trichromosomy of pair 21 )

Front 45

Pre-natal detection is possible through the process referred to as ____

Back 45

amnioscentesis.

Front 46

Environmental condictions during the prenatal period such as viruses, infections, drugs radiation,
poor nutrition and alcohol abuse may lead to mental retardation. Postnatal problems include
head injuries, infections, tumors and malnutrition among others.

Back 46

Nongenetic Biogenic Factors

Front 47

Programs such as the Project Head Start are effective.

Back 47

Early Intervention

Front 48

These are designed to help mentally handicapped persons learn
occupational skills.

Back 48

Employment Programs

Front 49

a tendency to de-institutionalize and place such persons in group homes
to live independently or semi-independently, which will provide them with more "normal" life
experiences.

Back 49

Living arrangements