Cognitive Development

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study basic mechanics of learning behaviorist are concerned with how behaviour changes in response to experience

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Behaviorist Approach

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learning ahead on associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus.

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Classical Conditioning

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Focus on the consequences of behavior and how they affect the likelihood of that behavior occuring again.

1. Learning based on association of behavior with consequences

2. Learning based on reinforcement and punishment

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Operant Conditioning

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Infant cannot talk and they have limited motor control

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Infant memory

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inability to remember events prior to age 3 years

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Infantile Amnesia

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Babies can't remember mobiles they played with days or weeks ago, babies are able to use contextual clues to retrieve memories

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Operant Conditioning with mobiles

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Measures quantitative differences in ability that make up intelligence by using tests that indicate or predict abilities

- comprehension and listening= Goal

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Psychometric Approach

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consist of questions or task that are supported to show how much of the measured abilities a person has by comprising that person performance with norms establish by a large group of test takers who were in standardilization sample

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IQ Test

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Presumed to be goal-oriented , meaning it exists for the purposes of attaining the goal. It is also presumed to be adaptive in that it helps an organism adjust to the varying circumstances of life

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Developmental Test

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Test designed to assess children scores in ___ indicate a child competencies in each of the five developmental areas: cognitive, language, motor social-emotional and adaptive behavior.

-Mental scale

-Motor scale

-Behavior training scale

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Bayler Scales of Infants and Toddler Development

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Observed among things & access

- Parental responsiveness, number of books in home, preceded of educational play materials parents involvement with the child and verbal responsiveness

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Home (Home observation for measurement of the environment)

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is a systematic process of planning and providing therapeutic and educational services for families that need help in meeting infants, toddlers and preschool children developing needs.

• project care

• partners for learning

Most effective interventions

-start early and continue through pre-school years

-time intensive

-provide direct educational experiences include health, family counseling and social services. Tailored to individual differences and needs.

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Early Interventions

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Approach to study cognitive development that describes qualitative stages in cognitive functioning

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Piagetian Approach

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The first Piaget's four stages of cognitive development, during this stage (birth to approximately age 3) infants learn about themselves and their world through their developing sensory and motor activity

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Sensorimotor stage

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The sensorimotor stage consists of six substages that flow from one to another as a baby ___, organized pattern of thought behavior and elaborate

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Schemes

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During ____babies learn to coordinate input from their senses and organize their activities in relation to the environment

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During first five (5) stages

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During the six (6) substages, they progress using symbols and concept to solve simple problem, much of this early cognitive growth comes about through ___ in which an infant learn to reproduce events originally discovered by chance

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Circular reactions

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first substage (birth about 1 month)

neonates practices their ___

For example, newborn suck reflexively when their lips are touched. But soon they learned to find the nipple even when they are not touched and they suck at times when they are hungry.

They coordinate information form their senses.

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Substage 1: Use of Reflex

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in the second stage (about 1 to 4 months) babies learn to purposely repeat a pleasurable bodily sensation first achieved by chance. This activity focus on the body rather than external environment. Piaget's called this

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Substage 2: Primary Circular reactions

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(about 4 to 8 months) concludes with a new interest in manipulating objects and learning about their properties.

- Babies also intentionally repeat an action not merely for its own sake, as the 2nd stage but to get rewarding results beyond the infants own body

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Substage 3: Secondary Circular Reactions

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(about 8 to 13 months) coordination of secondary schemes, they have built upon the few schemes they were born with it. Their behavior is more intentional and purposeful and they can anticipate events

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Substage 4: Coordination of Secondary Schemes

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(about 12 to 18 months) babies begin to experiment to see what will happen. they now vary a behavior to see what will happen.

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Substage 5: Tertiary Circular Reactions

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(about 18 month - 2years) is a transition to the pre-operational stage of early childhood

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Substage 6: Mental Combination

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the ability to mentally represents object and actions in memory, largely through symbols such as words, numbers and mental pictures.

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Representational Ability

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Piaget term for organized patterns of thought and behaviour used in particular situations

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Schemes

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Piaget term for process by which an infant learns to reproduce desired occurance originally discovered by chance.

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Circular reactions

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Piaget's term for capacity to store mental images or symbols of objects and events.

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Representational ability

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action and response to both involved infants own body (1 to 4 months)

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Primary circular reaction

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Action gets a response from another person or object, leading to baby's repeating original action (4 to 8 months)

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Secondary Circular Reactions

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action gets one pleasing result, leading baby to perform similar reactions (12 to 18 months)

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Tertiary circular reactions

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Realising that an object exist even when out of sight

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Object permanence

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Copying someone by their doings, Piaget's noted that __ his own observation and maintained that visible involve part of the body

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Imitation

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is the reproduction of an observe behavior after the passage of time. Store representation action recalled

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Deferred imitation

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ability to understand the nature of pictures and develops about 18 mo's of age.

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Pictorial competence

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Pictorial competence develop slowly it is difficult to children to simultaneously mentally represent.

-Proposal that children difficult grasping spatial relationship because of the need to keep more than one mental representation in mind at the same time.

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Dual Representational Hypothesis

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Focus ont perception, learning memory and problem solving. It aims to discover how children process information from the time they encounter it until they use it.

• Measure and draw interferes

- observing and analyzing mental process involved perceiving and handling information.

- Approach to analyze process with cognitive ones

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Information Processing Approach

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is type of learning in which repeated or continuous exposure to a stimulus (such as shard of light)

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Habituation

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increase in responsiveness after presentation of a new stimulus

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Dishabituation

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the tendency of infants to spend more time looking at one sight than another. Babies like cuved line to straight line, complex to simple. New sight to familiar one

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Visual Preference

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an ability that depends on the capacity to form and refer to mental representations. Distinguish a familiar visual stimulus from an unfamiliar one when shown both at the same time.

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Visual Recognition Memory

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A shared attentional focus, typically initiated with eye gaze or pointing. Social interaction, language acquisition and understanding of others intention and mental states.

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Joint Attention

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sophisticated ability, the ability to use information gained from one sense to guide another, as when a person negotiates a dark room by feeling for the location of familiar objects.

- Four core cognitive domains

Attention, processing speed, memory and representational competence

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Cross-modal transfer

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Dividing the world into meaningful categories is vital to thinking about object, concept and relationship.

Foundation of language, reasoning problem solving and memory

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Categorization

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Principle of one event causes another

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Causality

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Piaget's used infant motor responses to gauge.

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Object Permanence

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Research method in which dishabituation to a stimulus that conflict with experience is taken as evidence that an infant recognizes the new stimulus as surprising.

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Violation of Expectations

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The violation of expectations paradigm can be also to ask babies questions about understanding of numbers.

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Numbers

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Examines the hardware of the central system to identify what brain structures are involved in specific areas of cognition, neurological maturation is major factor in cognitive development.

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Cognitive Neuroscience Approach

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Refers to remembering that occurs without effort to even conscious awareness, for example knowing how to tie your shoes or throw a ball

- Pertains to habits and skills

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Implicit memory

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also called declarative memory is conscious or intentional recollection usually of facts, names, events, or other things that can be stated or declared.

- symbolic representation and subject to cultural influences.

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Explicit Memory

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is a short term storage of information being actively processed or work on.

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Working memory

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Influence by vgotsky's, approach to study cognitive development that focus on environmental influences, particularly parents and other caregivers.

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Social-Contextual Approach

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Refers to mutual interactions with adults that help structure children activities and bridge the gap between child understanding and an adults.

- Vgotsky's collaborative process implied

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Guided- Participation

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is a communication system based on words and grammar

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Language

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Foremost learning theory, maintained language learning is based on experience and learned associations.

- children learn language to the process of operant conditioning.

-utter sounds random, repeat sounds, imitation, observation, reinforcement contribute to language development.

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B.F Skinner Classic Learning Theory

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Emphasizes the active role of the learner.

____ proposed that the human brain has and innate capacity for acquiring knowledge; babies learn to talk as naturally as they learn to walk

- Language acquisition device (LAD)

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Nativism (Chomsky 1957, 1972, 1995)

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Forerunner of linguistics speech, utterance of sounds that are not words, includes crying, cooing,babbling and accidental and deliberate imitation of sounds without understanding their meaning

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Pre-linguistic speech

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is new born first means of communication

Great adaptive value

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Crying

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Imitation of language sounds require the ability to perceive subtle differences between sounds. Discriminate basic linguistic unit, perceive linguistic pattern and categorize them as similar or different.

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Perceiving language to sound

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are the smaller units of sounds in speech

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Phonemes

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Occur in deaf children with gestures. One hypothesis infants mentally compute the relative frequency of particular.

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Analogous process

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____in their language, and learn to ignore sequence infrequently near.

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Phonetic sequence

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Involved development progression of Infant __ language. Word is based on pitch used when speaking it. Learned about social context of speech and non verbal information that related to vocal tone.

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Tonal Language

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Before baby speak, they __ waving bye bye and nodding her head to mean "yes" using __ babies show an understanding that symbols refer to specific object, event, desires and condition.

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Gestures

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Serves as signal that a child is about to begin using multi word sentences

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Gesture word combination

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- verbal expression that convey meaning - - - specific thing or event.

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Linguistic speech

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Single word that convey a complete thought

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Holophrase

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Children quickly recognized the names of familiar objects in the absence of __

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Visual clues

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what infants understand continue to grow as verbal comprehension gradually becomes faster and more accurate and efficient

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Receptive vocabulary

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is seems to be easiest type of word to learn "image ability"

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Noun

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__ are more difficult for children to learn

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Verb

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The next important linguistic breakthrough comes when a toddler puts two words together to express one idea (want juice)

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First sentence

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Early form of sentence use consisting of only few essential

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Telegraphic speech

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Rules for forming sentence in a particular language. ___ allows us to understand and produce an infinite number of utterances.

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Syntax

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Deaf babies learn ___. Same fashion in sequence hearing infants learn speech, infants imitate parents vocal utterances

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Sign language

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Baby imitate parents sign language, first stringing together meaningless motion and then repeating them over and over.(7 to 10 months) weak hear voice babling

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Hand-Babbling

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Use of elements of two language, sometimes in the same utterance by young children in households where both language are spoken

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Code Mixing

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Changing ones speech to match the situation, as in people who are billingual.

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Code switching