Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Method of Mann |
Natural experiment with naturalistic observation |
|
|
Experimental Design of Mann |
Repeated Measures |
|
|
Variables of Mann |
IV - Lie/truth DV - behaviour |
|
|
Sample of Mann |
1) 13 male, 3 female 2) age = 13~65 3) self selecting 4) crimes included: arson, attempted rape, theft |
|
|
Videotape in Mann |
1) 27 truths, 38 lies 3) 1 hour |
|
|
Procedure In Mann |
1) Observer A watched whole tape and coded 2) Observer B watched 36 random clips and coded 3) Inter-rater reliability excellent |
|
|
Results For Mann (Gaze aversion, blinking, pauses) |
Lying/truthful Gaze Aversion - 27.8/27.8 Blinking - 18.5/23.6 Pauses - 5.3/3.7 |
|
|
Conclusion In Mann |
Hard to generalise behaviour Blinking and pauses main behaviour clues Due to cognitive load (total amount of mental effort used in working memory that leads to neglect of body language and reduced overall movement) |
|
|
Hypothesis in Mann |
1) less movements 2) less blinking 3) more speech disturbances (more pauses) |
|
|
Aim of Loftus |
To see whether it is possible to input an entire false memory for an event that never happened. |
|
|
Method Of Loftus |
Field Experiment with self report and semi-structured interviews |
|
|
Variables of Loftus |
IV) 3 stages (booklets/interviews) DV1) % of participants recalling true and false events DV2) clarity rating DV3) confidence rating |
|
|
Experimental Design in Loftus |
Repeated measures |
|
|
Sample in Loftus |
21 female, 3 male Participant pairs (relative) Age=18~53 Opportunistic Sample from Uni. Of Washington |
|
|
Experimenters in Loftus |
2 female experimenters from Uni. Of Wasington Experimenter blind |
|
|
Booklet in Loftus |
5 page booklet 4 stories (1 paragraph long) 1 false story (always 3rd) Space underneath for input |
|
|
Relative's Invlovement in Loftus |
Had interview Got details such as : 1) Where family shopped 2) Usual family members involved 3) Shops that would attract interest Also confirmed that false memory was false |
|
|
Controlled features of false story in Loftus |
1) 5 years old 2) crying 3) reunited 4) lost for long period of time 5) assisted by elderly lady |
|
|
Procedure in Loftus |
1) Interview with relative 2) Booklet sent to participants 3) 1st interview (either at Uni or via phone) 1~2 weeks after booklet completion 4) 2nd interview (" ") " " Interviews involved recalling events and confidence/clarity ratings |
|
|
Results for Loftus |
True/false Interview 1/ Interview 2 Remembering events = 49/72 for all stages. 7/24 for booklet. 5/24 for interviews Clarity = 6.3 (both) , 2.8, 3.6 Confidence = 2.7, 2.2. , 1.8,1.4 At the end of the study 5/24 chose a true story to be false |
|
|
Conclusion in Loftus |
People can be led to believe that entire events occurred after suggestion Suggestion alters memory |
|
|
Problems with original eyes test in Baron-Cohen |
1) The answer could be a 50/50 guess 2) Scores covered a very narrow band 3) Ceiling Effects (too few questions/ too easy) 4) Could have used gaze direction 5) More female faces 6) Foil was semantic opposite 7) Words may not have been understood |
|
|
Solutions to the Eye Test In Baron-Cohen |
1) 4 words 2) 36 items 3) Fewer Easy Items 4) Items which used gaze aversion were removed 5) Equal numbers of female and male faces 6) 3 other words not semantic opposites 7) Included a glossary |
|
|
Aim/Hypothesis in Baron-Cohen |
1) See if revised Eyes Test works 2) To check for an inverse relation between AQ and Eyes Test 3) To see if females have superiority in the Eyes Test 4) If AS/HFA (and men) will score higher on the AQ and lower on the Eyes Test |
|
|
Method in Baron-Cohen |
Natural Experiment with questionnaires |
|
|
Eyes Test Design in Baron-Cohen |
1) 36 black and white photos of male and female faces taken from a magazine 2) 15x10 cm 3) Foils chosen by authors and judged by a 8 person panel (4 males and 4 females) 4) 4 items didn't pass (40 items reduced to 36) 5) Psychometric Test |
|
|
AQ Test Design in Baron-Cohen |
1) 50 multiple choice statements. 2) No way of not answering 3) Relaible and Valid 4) Psychometric Test |
|
|
Participants in Baron-Cohen |
Group 1 = 15 male adults with AS/HFA, mean IQ of 115 (from an advertisement in an autistic magazine) Group 2 (control) = 122 normal adults (from public libraries in Cambridge and Exeter) Group 3 = 103 normal students (53 male and 50 female) Cambridge graduates with higher IQ
Group 4 = 14 normal adults (IQ matched controls) to group 1. |
|
|
Design in Baron-Cohen |
Independent Groups |
|
|
Procedure in Baron-Cohen |
1) All four groups given Eyes Test 2) Groups 1,3 and 4 given AQ |
|
|
Findings in Baron-Cohen |
1) Group 1 had lowest mean score for Eyes Test (21.9) group 4 (30.9) 2) Sex difference not significant but present 3) Group 1 had highest mean score for AQ (34.4) group 4 (18.9) 4) Significant inverse correlation between AQ and Eyes Test |
|
|
Conclusions in Baron-Cohen |
All aims met and all hypotheses confirmed |
|
|
Aim/Hypothesis in Held and Hein |
If concurrent self-produced movement needs to be concurrent with visual stimuli to develop depth perception |
|
|
Method in Held and Hein |
Laboratory Experiment |
|
|
Variables in Held and Hein |
IV1) Kitten pairs X and Y IV2) Active/Passive Kitten DV) Visually guided behaviour |
|
|
Experimental Design in Held and Hein |
Independent Measures |
|
|
Participants in Held and Hein |
10 pair of kittens, each pair from a different litter |
|
|
Apparatus in Held and Hein |
The exposure apparatus 1) striped environment 2) One active kitten allowed to walk around - pulling passive kitten in gondola Comfortable cage is where the kittens spent non-experimental. 1)no light 2) with mother and litter mates |
|
|
Controls in Held and Hein |
1) same environment for same amount of time 2) same tests 3) same living conditions (comfortable cage) |
|
|
Procedure in Held and Hein |
1) 10 pairs divided into into X (2 pairs) and Y (8) 2) All 10 pairs placed in carousel for 3 hrs./day (one active one passive). Then placed in comfortable cage 3) Underwent 3 main tests and 3 additional tests |
|
|
Difference in X and Y Kittens in Held and Hein |
X pairs were reared in darkness from birth until one member was fit enough to walk (8~12 w)
Y pairs were reared in darkness for 2 weeks. 2-10 weeks they placed in exposure apparatus for 3 hrs./day. (Double gondola) |
|
|
Main Tests in Held and Hein |
1) Visually guided paw placement (Kitten moved slowly towards table from above. Should extend paws) 2) Visual Cliff (Depth perception. Kitten should avoid deep drop.) 3) Blink to an approaching object (object = hand) |
|
|
Additional Tests in Held and Hein |
1) Pupilary Reflex To Light 2) Tactual Placing Response (vertical paw placement) 3) Visual pursuit of a moving object (hand moved in front of kitten to see if eyes follow it) |
|
|
Conditions for tests in Held and Hein |
1) Paw placement test done with both groups repeated six times after carousel. 2) Group X - When active kitten underwent paw placement, both did visual cliff. Retested next day. After test passive kitten exposed to light for 48 hour. Group Y- Only active kitten tested for visual cliff after paw placement. Passive kitten only tested after 126 hours (3 hrs./day * 6 weeks) of carousel time |
|
|
Results for Additional Tests in Held and Hein |
All kittens responded normally. No visual impairment or impaired response to moving objects. |
|
|
Results in Held and Hein |
1) For group X, when active kittens passed the paw placement and blink test, none of the passive kittens did 2) All active kittens passed visual cliff. Passive kittens did not 3) Group Y kittens behaved as Group X for paw placement and visual cliff 4) After 48 hours of freedom, no after effects shown |
|
|
Conclusion for Held and Hein |
Self produced movement with concurrent visual feedback is necessary for the development of normal visually guided behaviour |
