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7 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Assumptions
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1. Mind is like a computer. 2. Behaviour is result of internal mental processes. 3. Mental processes can not be observed so are studied indirectly by inferences based on behav. 4. Info is actively processed: humans not passive responders to enviro. 5. Behav. can be changes if cognitions that underlie that behave. are changed. |
1. Computer 2. Behav. is a result of? 3. Inferences 4. Info actively processed 5. Behav. can be changed... |
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Cognitive Models 1 -Computer gave cognitive psychologists the terminology to describe human mental processes. -Info processing approach = hypothetical model, explains how human mind transforms sensory info. - Info received can take several paths. - Info processing models tend to assume sequential processing (one at a time). -Modern day cognitive psychologist suggest parallel processing can occur (evidence from dual-task experiments). - More frequent in highly skilled people.
-Theoretical Models explain specific process. - Characterised by a diagram. -Allow cognitive psychologists to make inferences about what is causing behav. (suggestions about what unseen mental processes are occurring). - Models used to make predictions. - Experimental findings basis for construction of TM model. -Further experimental findings support model/ indicate revisions are needed. - E.G of TM = Multistore model of memory.MSM demonstrates key components of IPA: computer terminology, processing through stages & use of flow diagrams.
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Computer Model - CM = more robust than theoretical models b/c = more precise & specific about how info processing systems work -Cognitive psychologists create computer programmes to model human cognitive processes. Algorithm = step by step instructions for computers likened to our mental processes. - Input (likened to enviro stimulus) info dealt with by algorithm, produces output ( behav) - Cognitive psychologists are trying to create computers that can acquire 'intelligent behav' , i.e artificial intelligence. Computer Modelling in Facial Attractiveness - Bronstad et al built computer model to rate FA. - Algorithm included instructions on facial geometry. -Model produced estimates of FA. - Facial symmetry was not important. -Computer can learn about FA by comparing its rating to human ratings & adapt its decision making process. - Enables it to make predictions.
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Cognitive Models 2 Schema = cognitive framework to organise and interpret info. -Developed through sensory experiences. -Allow us to fill in the gaps, inform our expectations & enable us behave appropriately in a situation. -Schemas mean we minimise or ignore evidence that does not fit with our existing schema, leads to distortion, bias & stereotyping. -We look to confirm pre-existing beliefs and ideas. -As you mature, schemes develop and become sophisticated. |
Emergence of Neuroscience -Cognitive neuroscience = scientific study of biological basis for mental processing - how neurons behave during those processes. -Brain imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) scans have allowed scientists to systematically observe and describe the neurological basis of mental processing. -E.G Tulving's work on memory - showed episodic & sematic memory seem to be located on opposite sides of the pre-frontal cortex, disputing long-term memory is a single unitary store.
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Strength: Supports psychology as a scientific discipline
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Ex - Approach contributed toward the credible scientific basis of psychology. El - It employs highly controlled and rigorous empirical methods to enable researcher's to infer cognitive processes at work. E.G - uses lab experiments to produce reliable, objective data. R -emergence of cognitive neuroscience & computer modelling has enabled cognitive psychology to come together with other scientific fields like biology. |
1. Highly controlled and rigorous empirical methods... 2. use of lab experiments... 3. psychology has come together with other scientific fields. |
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Strength: Successful & diverse applications
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Ex - Better understand how we form impressions giving us better comprehension of prejudice. E.G - Cognitive psychology has expanded our understanding of Psychopathology by offering explanation for dysfunctional behaviour suggesting it's underpinned by faulty thought processes. El - Has led to many successful cognitive based therapies for illnesses like depression. R - Has improved knowledge of this in society & helping people better their lives |
1. Helps us better understand... 2. Expanded our understanding of Psycopathogy... 3. Led to many successful... 4. Helps people live better lives. |
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Limitation: Methodology & issues with validity
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Ex - Lab enviro can reduce both internal and external validity E.G - participants in fMRI studies lay on their backs in claustrophobic enviros while trying to complete tasks. El - These methods are unrealistic and don't occur in everyday life, so therefore lacks mundane realism. R - Can be argued that the techniques used can reduce the experimental and ecological validity of the findings.
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1. What do lab experiments reduce? 2. fMRI scans... 3. Doesn't occur in everyday life 4. Techniques used can reduce...
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Limitations: Humans are not computers
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Ex - Approach has over-simplistic view of human behaviour. E.G - computers do not forget, make mistakes or ignore info El - Researchers have not been able to reliably create algorithms for mood and feeling, complete replication of human behaviour is unlikely. R - Although many CMs can test existing experimental data, many are unable to make future predictions.
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1. Over simplistic 2. Computers don't forget... 3. Not able to create reliable algorithms 4. CMs unable to make future predictions
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