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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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7 Disciplines that Contribute to Cognitive Psychology
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Philosophy
Anthropology Linguistics Mathematics Cognitive psychology Computer science Neuroscience PALM CCN |
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Lashley’s experiments
conclusions methodological shortcomings |
Lashley was trying to figure out if maze learning was localized or if it was Holism
He made lesions inside various rats brains and put them in the maze His data led him to believe that learning was not localized, but the whole brain was used Shortcomings Some possible short comings include that the reason he did not find a localized area, could be that he never found the localized area! (he must have missed cutting out that part) Data averaging also might have obscured evidence for localization. |
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Franz Gall
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Developer of phrenology
Belief in brain localization Revolutionary ideas Emotions where in the brain, not the heart Certain parts of the brain controlled emotion and action |
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Paul Broca
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Localization of speech “Broca’s Area”
Had patient nicknamed “tan” Due to his inability to say any other word Brilliant student who graduated from medical school at age 20 Neuroanatomist Made contributions to study of limbic system |
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Wilder Penfield
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Created maps of sensory and motor cortices
Pioneered the “Montreal Procedure” in which he treated patients with epilepsy Destroyed nerve cells which caused epilepsy Stimulated brain with electrical probes Local anesthesia to reduce side effects |
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Hermann Helmholtz
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Invented opthalmoscope
Influenced Wilhelm Wundt Studied the eye, theories of vision, etc. |
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Wilhelm Wundt
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Structuralist
Set up the first psych lab Studied under Helmholtz Studied several disciplines |
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Hermann Ebbinghaus
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Studied memory
Discovered the learning curve and forgetting curve Memory studies helped initiate experimental psychology |
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William James
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Functionalist
Pragmatist Had a M.D. “If the end by its simple presence does not instantaneously suggest the means, the search for the latter becomes an intellectual problem.” |
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Francis Galton
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Darwin’s half-cousin
Created correlation, and promoted regression toward the mean Pioneered questionnaires and surveys Coined “eugenics” and “nature vs. nurture” Founded “psychometrics” Classified fingerprints Polymath |
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James Catell
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1st psychology professor
Helped establish psychology as legitimate Studied with Wundt |
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Alfred Binet
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Basis of standard IQ tests.
Proposed a core set of “higher faculties.” Tests devised to assess individual differences in aptitude. Recognized that experience confounds with aptitude. Chess research |
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David Wechsler
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Developed intelligence scales
“…global ability to act purposefully, think rationally, deal effectively with environment.” Supplement testing with assessments of object manipulation. Does not seek to isolate “aptitude.” Capacities come “…either by habit, training or endowment.” |
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Robert Sternberg
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“…the purposive adaptation to, selection of, and shaping of real world environments…”
Triarchic Theory Everyday Life Aspect. Handling Novel Demands and Automatizing Tasks. Execution: Thinking and Performance of Tasks. |
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Howard Gardner
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8 core intelligences. The list is still growing
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Gardner's Multiple Intelligences
Intelligence 1 |
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Dance, athletes, etc |
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Gardner's Multiple Intelligences
Intelligence 2 |
Interpersonal
Extroverts who are sensitive to other persons needs |
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Gardner's Multiple Intelligences
Intelligence 3 |
Verbal Linguistic
Words, spoken or written |
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Gardner's Multiple Intelligences
Intelligence 4 |
Logical-Mathmatical
Logic, abstractions, reasoning, |
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Gardner's Multiple Intelligences
Intelligence 5 |
Naturalistic
(newest intelligence) Not as widely accepted as the original 7 Seen by some as more of an interest than intelligence |
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Gardner's Multiple Intelligences
Intelligence 6 |
Intrapersonal
Self-reflective capacities Usually introverts, prefer to work alone Affinity for thought based pursuits, such as philosophy |
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Gardner's Multiple Intelligences
Intelligence 7 |
Spatial
Visualizing and mentally manipulating objects Artistic |
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Gardner's Multiple Intelligences
Intelligence 8 |
Musical
Music Rhythm |
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What is the significance of Phineas Gage?
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Frontal lobe damage
Negative effect on his emotional, social, personal traits At the time of its report to the scientific community, Gage's condition led to changes in the scientific perception of the function and compartmentalisation of the brain with regards to emotion and personality. Gage's case is cited as among the first evidence suggesting that damage to the frontal lobes could alter aspects of personality and affect socially appropriate interaction. Before this time the frontal lobes were largely thought to have little role in behavior. |
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What is Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence?
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Went against psychometric approach to intelligence, and took a more cognitive approach
Intelligence is how one deals with one’s environment |
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3 parts to Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence
Part 1 |
Componential
Divided into components Metacomponents: problem solving and decision making Performance components: processes that carry out metacomponents Knowledge-acquisition components: obtain new info |
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3 parts to Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence
Part 2 |
Experiential
How well a task is performed with regard to how familiar it is |
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3 parts to Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence
Part 3 |
Practical
Street smarts |
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What is the central sulcus?
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-fold in the cerebral cortex of brains in vertebrates.
The central sulcus is a prominent landmark of the brain separates parietal lobe:frontal lobe primary motor cortex:primary somatosensory cortex |
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What is the motor cortex?
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is a term that describes regions of the cerebral cortex
involved in: planning control voluntary motor functions |
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What is Hebbian learning?
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If nodes fire together, the link is strong, if they don’t fire together, the link is weak
“Cells that fire together, wire together” |
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EEG
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Electroencephalography (EEG) is the measurement of electrical activity produced by the brain as recorded from electrodes placed on the scalp.
When neurons are busy at work, they generate small electrical currents. These currents can be detected on the scalp with EEG sensors. Currents detected on the scalp are from the PSPs (post-synaptic potentials) of groups of neurons, not from the action potentials of single neurons. PSPs are rhythmic—they cause electrons to flow into and out of the scalp in rhythmic waves. |
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ERP
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The ERP technique is the most common way to use EEG signals to study cognition.
They are derived by averaging together many short segments of EEG tracings that are recorded while a person does the same task repeatedly. |
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MRI
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MRI works by making certain atoms in the body emit radiowaves by using a powerful magnet. When a person is in the scanner some of the hydrogen atoms, which are mainly found in water, align with this magnetic field. A radiowave at just the right frequency makes these atoms resonate and absorb energy. The atoms then release this energy in the form of a very weak radiowave that can be measured by the scanner and amplified. Extra magnetic fields are used to constantly change the magnetic field to allow images of the body to be reconstructed. These fields are created by gradient coils which make the familiar banging sounds of an MRI scan. Contrast agents may be injected to demonstrate blood vessels or inflammation in the tissues. Unlike CT scanning MRI uses no ionizing radiation and is generally a very safe procedure. Patients with some metal implants and cardiac pacemakers are prevented from having an MRI due to effect of the powerful magnetic field.
MRI is used to image every part of the body, but is particularly useful in neurological conditions, disorders of the muscles and joints, for evaluating tumors and showing abnormalities in the heart and blood vessels. |
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FMRI
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Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) signal
indirect measure of neural activity |
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PET
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3D
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear medicine medical imaging technique which produces a three-dimensional image or map of functional processes in the body. The system detects pairs of gamma rays emitted indirectly by a positron-emitting radioisotope, which is introduced into the body on a metabolically active molecule. Images of metabolic activity in space are then reconstructed by computer analysis, often in modern scanners aided by results from a CT X-ray scan performed on the patient at the same time, in the same machine. Involves injection of radioactive isotope into blood stream |
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SPECT
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Similar to a 3-D xray, and is usually done to supplement another type of scan
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DTI
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Diffusion MRI
Uses an MRI with different strengths, shots, etc. to come up with an average of water diffusion, essentially getting a different image Can detect white matter pathways The pathways of the axon Based on the movement of water Water wants to diffuse on the pathways of axons With autism Diffusion tensor imaging has been able to show that in autistic children, it doesn’t just go to one area, but its spread out |
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N400 ERP
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Amplitude is higher for words with meanings that don’t fit in the sentence context very well.
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P600 ERP
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Amplitude is higher for words that violate syntactic (grammatical) requirements (e.g. a noun or verb with the wrong inflection).
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Know the results of the fMRI experiment (mentioned in class) where subjects all shot a gun and then half of them were told to lie about it.
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occipito-temporal pathway
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"What Pathway"
identifies visual objects If leasions: visual agnosia, cant recognize objects |
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occipito-parietal pathway
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"Where pathway"
guides our action If leasions: difficulty in reaching, but no problem identifying |
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Which eye part does most of the refraction of light?
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Cornea
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Which eye part enables us to adjust between seeing at a distance and close up?
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Iris?
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Parvocellular
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Small cells
Detecting patterns, forms, spatial analysis P-paterns Continual firings |
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Magnocellular
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Motion, depth, movement
Only when it appears, or disappears |
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What are three solutions given by your book for the “binding problem”?
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What we percieve is:
1.coherent 2.integrated 3.perceptual world |
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Tachistoscopic Procedure:
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a device that allows presentation of stimuli for precisely controlled amounts of time, including very brief duration
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Word Superiority Effect:
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words frequently viewed are easier to perceive, as are words viewed recently. It also turns out that words themselves are easier to perceive, as compared to isolated letters.
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Pronounceable string Superiority Effect:
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pronouncable strings are more easily recognized with Tachistoscopic procedures than unpronounceable ones
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Ovveregularization:
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there is a strong tendency to misread less-common letter sequences as if they were more-common patterns
Ex: CQRN |
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What are some important factors influencing word recognition?
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detectors:that recognize certain parts of each letter
(vertical lines, corners, etc.) which form letters, which form words |
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Feature Net:
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the bottom layer of the network of detectors, which is concerned with “features”
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Bigram Detector:
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detector of letter pairs
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Recognition by Components (RBC) model
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intermediate level of detectors, sensitive to geons. Geons serve as the basic building blocks of all the objects we recognize; geons are in essence the alphabet. Also has a hierchy of detectors like the letter detectors.
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what is parsing?
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divide an input into its appropriate elements
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What is the importance of perceptual organization?
Name 2 |
-impressions of the stimulus
-familiar or not |
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Finally, what evidence shows that perceptual interpretation seems logical?
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hypothesis through the organization of figure and ground, parsing, and so on.
-simplest explanation of the stimulus. -most simplest(avoid over analyzing the stimulus) Last it tries to avoid coincidences. |
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What is the dichotic listening task?
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A task in which 2 different auditory stimuli are presented one per ear. Then the participant is asked to attend to one of the stimuli, and then tested on what they caught from the other stimuli. This showed that there was a “cocktail party effect”. You know other people around you are talking, but you are paying attention only to the person you are talking to.
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What are the three elements of priming?
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1.experience
2.hypothesis 3.expectations |
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Posner and Snyder (1975) experiment
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P and S gave people a straightforward task: a pair of letters was shown on a computer screen and participants had to decide, as swiftly as they could, whether the letters were the same or different. Before each pair, participants saw a warning signal. Nuetral condition (“+”). Different condition was the actual letter that was going to be shown (“C”) for “CC”. warning signal served to prime participants. They then measured response times in primed and neutral conditions. Response times in primed contidions were faster.
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What is repetition priming?
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1st exposure to a stimulus primes the participants for another exposure.
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What are the limits of the searchlight beam analogy for attention?
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We pay attention to objects, not just positions in space like a searchlight
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What is unilateral left neglect?
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Damage to the parietal cortex that produces problems in paying attention and seem to ignore all input from one side of the body.
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Early selection hypothesis:
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the attended input is identified and privileged from the start, so that the unattended input receives little analysis.Late
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Late Selection Hypothesis:
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: all inputs are processed fully; it is only the attended input, however, that reaches consciousness, or (as a related idea) it is only the attended input that is remembered.
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What interferes the greatest when doing divided attention tasks?
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There is only a limited amount of attention you have to give at a certain time
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According to Engle, what role does executive control play in attention tasks?
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Executive control is a task-general mental resource needed whenever someone wants to avoid interference from previous habit. Provides 2 essentials functions: 1, works to maintain the desired goal in mind. 2, serves to inhibit automatic or habitual responses.
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What specific areas of the brain have been implicated in goal maintenance and conflict detection?
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Executive control
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Why does practice improve performance?
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As tasks become more practiced, they require fewer resources
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Explain the Stroop interference task.
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Participants shown a series of words and asked to name aloud the color of the ink used for each word.
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