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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the false beliefs test? what are the general results? how can this be manipulated?
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how them a crayon box with candles in it and then tell them that someone else didn’t see that there are candles in it. What will this person think is in the box? what did you think was in the box before we opened it? - kids under 4 will say candles
- but if the task is adapted into a nonverbal task, then you see falls belief attribution in young kids ** |
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Describe Baron-Cohens Theory of Mind Mechanism ToMM (4ish)
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- separated into different components, each comping online at different stages in development
a) EDD (eye direction detector- at the lowest level, present at birth, detects presence of eyes and computes eye direction). - infants prefer faces over other objects, and they prefer faces with open eyes b) ID intentionality Detector- detects dyadic relationships- those between one person ad an object ex. Jane wants that toy= dyadic relationship c) SAM shared attention mechanism- detects joint attention, shared attention, triadic relationsip - jane and john share toy= triadic relationship - SAM computes these relationships by shifting attention to where others are looking |
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Describe the structure of the ToMM model . What is the first most salient body cue as to whats going on? when what?
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SAM links ID and EDD and then SAM feeds into ToMM; posture, then gestures, head direction, and eye direction (most subtle)
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ToMM in people with bilateral amygdala damage....
ToMM in autism ... |
patients with bilateral amygdala damage will fail the false belief test and people with autism will have delayed ToM development
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describe the cuing task and modified version
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-you stare in middle and something flashes on either side to say this is where the target will be and sometimes it appears there sometimes it doesnt.
- modified tasks use faces and arrows |
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is the effect of cuing tasks do to movement or salient social cues? when is social attention adult like?
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- Farroni et al. looked at 16-21 week old infants- are they more inclined to see social info or low level visual info? they had a face move eyes one way and head the other. babies before 6 months would follow the head, whereas babies older than this went with the eyes- the social cue
- social attention is adult like at 3-5 years |
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gaze following begins...; faces ellicit which EEG waves?
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first they said 18 months but later anywhere between 10-20 months; N170 in right hem
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is there an effect of context on social cues? (2 experiements)
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1)
- in the condition where the presented dots then ransom pic then dots again they were seen as dots both times. - When they presented dots then face (like eyes) then dots again, the second set of dots were perceives as if they were eyes on a face (in EEG waves) - as long as context is there we continue to perceive social info as social 2) she told them this figure was a car then she told them it was a hat pulled to eyes. When they thought it was eyes, they followed the gaze of the eyes and once they thought it was eyes, they couldn’t override it and still followed eyes even if told its a car again |
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do we see the same results for arrows as faces?
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arrows vs eye gaze in cuing tasks- both convey directional info, but eye gaze is social, arrows are not
- we get virtually identical results with arrows and eye gaze among all ages when we use arrows vs eyes in cuing tasks - however if we look at fixations, like of pictures containing faces and arrows, people look more at faces than arrows |
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is salience of social cues modulated by gender? social status? familiarity?
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- gender of the face you are looking at doesn’t matter, but your gender does- males show reduced social orienting
- the higher the perceived rank of the person you’re looking at, the more social orienting - above study was confounded with familiarity because you’re more likely to follow gaze of someone you know |
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Describe Pervasive Development Disorder PDD (what are its 5 groups)
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- different from specific developmental disorders like learning or reading
- group of 5 disorders characterized by delays in multiple functions: - autism - Aspergers - retts syndrome - childhood disintegrative disorder CDD - pervasive developmental disorder - not otherwise specified PDD-NOS |
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what is ASD comprised of?
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autism spectrum disorder ASD= aspergers, autism, pervasive NOS
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What did Leo Kanner and Hans Asperger find in 1940s?
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1940s Leo Kanner
- group of children with lack of social responsiveness and significantly limited or unusual communication patterns 1940s Hans Asperger - group of children with similar characteristics but less severe symptoms - most notably these children do not have IQ deficits - ‘high functioning autism’ can function in society - people with Aspergers tend to go into academics |
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differentiate autism from Aspergers
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autism has a higher count of symptoms associated with decrease in IQ and low functioning
people who have typical or high IQs are diagnosed with Aspergers |
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What are some diagnostic criteria for autism?
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1) qualitative impairment in social interaction ( body postures, gestures, eye-to-eye gaze, lack of peer relationships, lack or emotional reciprocity)
2) impairments in communication (delay or lack of language, dont initiate conversation, lack of make-believe play) 3) repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behaviour (inflexible adherence to routines and rituals, tapping, twisting, preoccupation with parts of objects) |
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How do professionals diagnose Autism and Aspergers? (3)
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-ADOS-G Autism diagnostic observation schedule - generic- semi structured interview that assesses communication skills ans social interaction
-ADI Autism diagnostic Interview- Reides (ADI-R)- standardized semi-structured interview that focuses on behaviours described in DSM ( in order to conduct the ADI you have to be certified periodically) - WAIS for IQ |
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what are the prevalence rates like in canada? US? in different ethnic groups? in different genders?
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Canada:
- CDD.2% - retts 1% - autism 20% - aspergers 5% - Pss-NOS 15% so about 40 % have one US: overall1.47% 8 year old kids - 30% higher than in 1008, 60% higher than in 2006 - pervalence varies with race and nationality - most common in whites - 46% with average or above average IQ. blacks and hisanics more likely to have low IQ - 5x more ocmmon in boys 1 out of 42- now they says its 3-4 times and this holds for high and low functioning |
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What do some people say causes autism?
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some people claimed that MMR vaccine caused it
- the paper pushing this was retracted because of its dishonesty |
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Describe the social deficits in Autism(4). What can they do however? (3)
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lack of interest in looking at eyes
- gaze following does not depend on language - engage less in mutual gaze - fundamental building block of ToMM however, individuals with autism can: - discern where people are looking - infer attention from gaze direction - infer intention from eye gaze- which one does charlie want? - but gaze following is delayed |
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what are 3 possible reasons for the delays in gaze following seen in autistic kids?
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1) children with autism fail to integrate gaze or face movement as an index of attention
- they can compute head and gaze direction but fail to attribute mental states, but representing mental states isn't necessary for gaze following ... 2) contingency and learning from experience training kids to follow gaze doesnt solve the problem because these mechanisms may not be natural behaviour 3) individuals with autism do not show orienting to gaze direction - the studies are unclear as to whether people with autism even have atypical social orienting BUT -viewers with autism looked at mouths more than normal kids - another one used williams syndrome as a control group (they are hyper social)- found that williams will lock onto face while autos will not look at a face when theres an opportunity to look at something else |
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autism and gaze following summary
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despite autistic kids having deficits in spontaneous gaze following they are not cause by deficits in reflexive attentional orienting
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