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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Shiffrin's Modal Model of Memory
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includes sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory
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control processes
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part of the modal model of memory: include rehearsal, selective attention, retrieval
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sensory memory
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brief retention of the effects of sensory stimulation, e.g. the persistence of vision (iconic memory/ the visual icon)
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Sperling's delayed partial report method
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sensory memory registers all or most of the information that reaches our visual receptors but much of it decays within a half-second.
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effective duration of STM without rehearsal
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15-20 seconds
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proactive interference (PI)
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when previously-learned information confuses the learning of new information.
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capacity of STM
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5-8 items/chunks
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chunking
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grouping things so that there are fewer items to remember
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coding in STM
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the way you remember information (e.g. auditory, visual, semantic)
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release from proactive interference
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increase in performance resulting from the elimination of PI
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how does working memory manipulate info?
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phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and the central executive
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phonological loop
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holds verbal and auditory info
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visuospatial sketchpad
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holds visual and spatial info
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central executive
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uses info from LTM, directs attention, suppresses irrelevant info, and coordinates tasks in the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad
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monkeys delayed response task
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working memory task that requires PFC.
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areas of monkey brain for working memory
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PFC, IT cortex, and V1
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areas of human brain for working memory
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PFC, and areas in the frontal and parietal lobes and cerebellum
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Murdoch's serial position curve
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shows that memory is better for words at the beginning and end of a list
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primacy effect
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superior memory for words at the beginning of a list (because of greater rehearsal time)
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recency effect
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superior memory for words at the end of a list (because they are still in STM)
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double dissociation between STM and LTM
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HM: STM with poor LTM
KF: LTM with poor STM |
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coding: STM v. LTM
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semantic coding is predominant in LTM, but less important in STM
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two types of LTM
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declarative memory and implicit memory
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declarative memory
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conscious recollection of events and facts
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implicit memory
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occurs when past experiences influence our behavior without our awareness
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experience of episodic memory (Tulving)
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involves mental time travel (AKA self-knowing, remembering)
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experience of semantic memory (Tulving)
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knowing
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has double dissociation been established between semantic and episodic memory?
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yes
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personal semantic memories
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easier to remember than other semantic memories (because the semantic memory is enhanced by episodic memory)
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implicit memory includes
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procedural memory and repetition priming
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procedural memory
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memory for skills even without memory for learning the skills
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repetition priming
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when a response imroves (speed/ accuracy) because it has been made recently
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Tulving's word recognition test
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shows function of implicit memory when test cue is the same as the priming cue
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propaganda effect
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(caused by implicit memory) you are more likely to think something is true if you heard/saw it before
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encoding
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process of acquiring info and putting it into LTM
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maintenance rehearsal
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keeps info in STM or WM (shallow processing)
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elaborative rehearsal
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occurs when you think about the meaning of an item and relate it to other things (deep processing)
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transfer-appropriate processing
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memory is better when the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task
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self-reference effect
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memory for an item is better if you relate it to yourself (deeper processing, resulting in cues)
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generation effect
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if you create material yourself, learning and retention are better
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long-term potentiation
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enhanced firing of a neuron following repeated stimulation
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Hebb and neurons
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experiences are represented in the brain by physiological changes at the synapse
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retrograde amnesia
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amnesia for events from before injury.
it is graded such that amnesia is worse for things closer to the time of injury |
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anterograde amnesia
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inability to form new memories
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consolidation
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transfer of memories into LTM, esp during sleep or relaxing
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synaptic consolidation
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occurs in minutes at synapses
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systems consolidation
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involves reorganization of circuits within brain regions, which can continue for years
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standard model of consolidation
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memory retrieval depends on the hippocampus until consolidation is complete
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MTL is activated by
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recent memories and episodic memory, but not distant semantic memory
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Tulving's encoding specificity
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memories are linked to the context in which they are created; recall and recognition are more accurate when the conditions at retrieval match those at encoding
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state-dependent learning
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memory is better when internal state (mood) at retrieval matches mood at encoding
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distributed vs. massed practice effect
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material is better understood and learned when studied in short broken sessions
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anisomycin
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an antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis, which causes structural changes at the synapse that are responsible for the formation of new memories
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Karim Nader and anisomycin
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after a memory is retrieved, it undergoes reconsolidation (during which time it is fragile)
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immediate presentation of anisomycin....
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prevents conditioning in rats
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presentation of anisomycin (without a cue) after conditioning...
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does not disrupt the CR
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presentation of anisomycin with the CS after conditioning...
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eliminates conditioning
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prospective memory
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remembering to perform intended actions.
includes: -remembering what you want to do -remembering to do it at the right time |
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McDaniel and prospective memory
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distinctive cues are better for prospective memory than regular cues
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field perspective
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remembering an event as though you are in it: experience in recall of recent autobiographical memories.
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Rubin and the sensory component of autobiographical memory
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ability to visualize objects with the visual areas of the cortex is necessary for mental time travel
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reminiscence bump
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adults over 40 have enhanced memory for teenage and young adult years
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flashbulb memory
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vivid, enduring memory for the circumstances surrounding hearing about shocking, highly charged important events
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constructive approach to memory
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memories are constructs based on what really happened plus other factors such as knowledge, experiences and expectations
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Jacoby's "becoming famous overnight" experiment
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shows source monitoring error when people forget where they remember a name from
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pragmatic inference
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using knowledge to make assumptions beyond what is stated in a sentence
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schema
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knowledge about what is involved in a certain experience
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scripts
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schema including a sequence of actions. (these influence memory by setting up expectations)
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misleading post event information (MPI)
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(misinformation effect) misinformation presented after an event can affect our memory of the event
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Loftus' memory trace replacement hypothesis
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MPI impairs or replaces a memory during reconsolidation
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retroactive interference
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recent learning interferes with memory
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correlation between confidence and accuracy of eyewitness testimony:
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.29
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weapons focus
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the tendency to focus on a weapon narrows attention
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suggestion errors
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people who get confirming feedback for their memories are more confident in them
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family resemblance
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items in a category are similar to each other (more than they fit a specific definition for the category)
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prototype approach to categorization
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decide whether item belongs to category by comparing it with a prototype (average of the items in the category)
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high prototypicality
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a category member closely resembles the category prototype
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typicality effect
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easier to categorize items with high prototypicality
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exemplar approach to categorization
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items are compared with exemplars (items in the category)
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prototype approach may work better for ____ categories
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large
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Rosch's levels of categories
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subordinate (trout), basic (fish), and superordinate (animal)
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Collins' semantic networks
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related categories/concepts are linked in the mind (more related --> closer link)
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Collins' cognitive economy
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common links between lower level categories are represented just once at a higher level category
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parallel distributed processing (PDP) approach (connectionist network)
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processing occurs in different units at the same time. input units --> hidden units (with positive and negative weights) --> output units
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supervised learning
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processing network can learn patterns for different concepts by making mistakes and being corrected
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category specific neurons
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(in the temporal lobe) respond to a certain object but also to other objects in the category
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spreading activation
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retrieving one concept from memory triggers a spread of activation to nearby concepts in a network
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