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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Concept
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Mental category that groups objects, relations, activities, abstractions, or qualities having common properties
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Basic concepts
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have a moderate number of
instances and are easier to acquire. |
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prototype
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an especially representative
example. |
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Proposition
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A meaningful unit, built of concepts, expressing a single idea
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Schema
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An integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular topic.
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Subconscious processes
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Mental processes occurring outside of conscious awareness but accessible to consciousness when necessary
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Non-conscious processes
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Mental processes occurring outside of and not available to
consciousness |
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Implicit learning
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When you have acquired knowledge about something without
being aware how you did so, and without being able to state exactly what you have learned |
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Mindlessness
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Mental inflexibility, inertia, and obliviousness in the present
context |
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Reasoning
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The drawing of conclusions or inferences
from observations, facts, or assumptions |
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Deductive reasoning
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A tool of formal logic in which
a conclusion necessarily follows from a set of premises. |
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Inductive reasoning
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A tool of formal logic in which a conclusion probably
follows from a set of premises. |
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heuristic thinking
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A rule of thumb that suggests a
course of action or guides problem solving but does not guarantee an optimal solution |
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dialectical reasoning
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A process in which opposing
facts or ideas are weighed and compared, with a view to determining the best solution or resolving differences |
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Skills
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Question assumptions
Evaluate and integrate evidence Relate evidence to theory or opinion Consider alternative interpretations Reach defensible conclusions Reassess conclusions in face of new evidence |
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Barriers to rational reasoning
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Exaggerating the improbable
Avoiding loss Biases due to mental set The confirmation bias The hindsight bias The need for cognitive consistency Overcoming our cognitive biases |
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Cognitive dissonance
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A state of tension
produced when a person holds two contradictory cognitions or when a person’s belief is inconsistent with his/her behavior |
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you try especially hard to reduce dissonance when you:
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need to justify a choice or
decision you freely made. need to justify behavior that conflicts with your view of yourself. need to justify the effort put into a decision or choice. |
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Intelligence
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An inferred characteristic of an individual, usually defined as the ability to profit from experience,
acquire knowledge, think abstractly, act purposefully, or adapt to changes in the environment |
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g factor
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A general intellectual ability assumed by many theorists to underlie specific mental abilities and talents
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Alfred Binet
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–IQ Test
–Memory –Vocabulary –Perceptual Discrimination (Spatial Reasoning) –Mental Age –Intelligence Quotient: IQ = Mental Age / Chronological Age * 100 |
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IQ Test Items
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- Verbal Comprehension
- Perceptual (Spacial Reasoning) - Working Memory - Processing Speed |
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Limitations of IQ Tests9
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Culture Bias
Attitude toward exams Comfort in settings required for testing Motivation Rapport with test provider Competitiveness Ease of independent problem solving Predictive Validity Academic Success (Grades) Occupation Motivation |
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Sternberg’s triarchic theory
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Componential (analytic)
Comparing, analyzing, and evaluating This type of process correlates best with IQ Experiential (creative) Inventing solution to new problems Transfer skills to new situations Contextual (practical) Applying the things you know to everyday contexts |
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Domains of intelligence
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Logic & Mathematics
Spatial Reasoning Musical Ability Kinesthetic Self & Social Insight Emotional intelligence Ability to identify your own and other people’s emotions accurately Ability to express your emotions clearly Ability to manage emotions in self and others |
