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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cogntion
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Mental process involved in;
Perception Attention Memory Problem solving reasoning and decision making |
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Why is cognition complex?
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Processes seem clear, but ARE NOT
Eg, see friend flooded information but only take notice of your friend. Illustrates the involvement of hidden processes |
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History -DONDERS (How as well)
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-19th C
-First experiment before CP was around -Conducted on mental Chronomettry (how long cog process takes) -Light Presented react by pressing button -Simple RT(1 Light presented press 1 button -Complex RT (2 lights, must press correct button -Mental responses cant be measure but INFERRED from participants behaviour |
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History - HELMOTZ
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-Unconscious inference
-19th C Physiology/Physics -Some perceptions result from unconscious assumptions -Square in front of square exp. -Occurs without conscious effort and awareness |
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History - EBBINGHAUS
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Memory Experiement
Nonsense syllables DAX, QEH because NOT influenced by prior knowledge o Read out many times until no mistakes were made when repeated (SAVINGS METHOD) o Waited period of time and relearned list with same procedure o Short intervals = fewer repetitions |
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What do DONDERS AND EBBINGHAUS have in common??
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They bother measure behaviour to determine a property of the mind
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Structuralism (when/what)
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o Dominated 1800’s and early 1900s
o Overall experience is determined by combining basic elements of experience called sensations o Wanted to create period table of the mind by using analytic introspection (trained participants described experiences when presented with a stimulus). |
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Problems with Introspection?
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· Mental processes not accessible to conscious awareness
· Act of analysing thought interferes with though itself · Results not replicable |
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Watson
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Early 20th C
· Learning how habits are formed · Observable events · Rejected introspection, eliminates consciousness as topic of study, main topic should be behaviour · Replace study of mind with study of direct observable behaviour · Stimulus response relationships (classical conditioning) Albert with rat/loud noise |
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Critique of Behaviourism
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· Impossible to explain complex behaviour without theorizing about internal states
· Cannot account for complex learning |
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Decline of behaviourism (WHY)
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· Skinners verbal behaviour came out
· Believed that kids language development directly from operant conditioning · Chomsky showed that kids say many sentences never heard before so could not have been reinforced, inborn biological program that holds across cultures |
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Book: Misbehaviour (Breland & breland)
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· Showed reinforcement when paired against built instincts does not always work
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Cognitive revolution
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· Change from stim-response to study explain behaviour in terms of the mind
· Information processing approach o A way to study the mind created from insights associated with the digital computer o Processed information in stages |
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Cognitive revolution
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Cherry (1953) – Dichotic listening
o Present message A in left ear o Present message B in right ear o To ensure attention, shadow 1 message o Participants were able to focus only on the message they were shadowing Broadbent (1958) · Flow diagram representing what happens as a person directs attention to one stimulus |
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Behavioural Approach
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· Measuring relationship between stimuli/behaviour (Eg Donders)
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Physiological approach
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· Measuring physiology and behaviour (Donders)
· Davachi, 200 words shown, then 400 2 hours later, 200 old and 200 new. -Remembered words showed more activity in the perirhinal cortex (area located inside brain cluster of areas involved in memory) |
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Memory
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· Sensory- large amount info but forget
· Short term- some from sensory transferred held 15-20s, if repeated can be transferred to long term. · Long term- info stored long time |
