Cognition Ch. 4, 5, 6

Front 1

Memory Set

Back 1

A set of items in STM that can be compared against a test item to determine if the test item is stored there.

Front 2

Self-terminating search

Back 2

A search that stops as soon as the test item is sucessfully matched to an item n the memory set

Front 3

Exhaustive Search

Back 3

A search that continues until the test item is compared with all items in the memory set

Front 4

Encode

Back 4

To create a visual or verbal code for a test item so it can be compared with the memory codes of items stored in STM

Front 5

Scan

Back 5

To sequentially compare a test item with items in STM to determine if there's a match

Front 6

Slope

Back 6

A measure of how much response time changes for each unit of change along the x-axis (memory set size)

Front 7

Phonological Loop

Back 7

A component of Baddeley's working memory model that maintains and manipulates acoustic information.

Front 8

Visuospatial scratch (sketch) pad

Back 8

A component of Baddeley's working memory model that maintains and manipulates visual/spatial information.

Front 9

Central Executive

Back 9

A component of Baddeley's working memory model that manages the use of working memory.

Front 10

Multi-modal code

Back 10

An integration of memory codes such as combining visual and verbal codes.

Front 11

Long-term memory

Back 11

Memory that has no capacity limits and holds information from minutes to an entire lifetime.

Front 12

Control Process

Back 12

A strategy that determines how information is processed

Front 13

Rehearsal

Back 13

Verbal repetition of information in an attempt to learn it.

Front 14

Coding

Back 14

Semantic elaboration of information to make it easier to remember.

Front 15

Imaging

Back 15

Creating visual images to make material easier to remember.

Front 16

Rote Learning

Back 16

Learning through repetition rather than through understanding.

Front 17

Serial position effect

Back 17

The ability to recall words at the beginning and end of a list better than words in the middle.

Front 18

Primacy effect

Back 18

The better recall of words at the beginning of a list.

Front 19

Recency effect

Back 19

The better recall of words at the end of a list.

Front 20

Knowledge acquisition

Back 20

Storage of information in LTM

Front 21

Retrieval strategy

Back 21

A strategy for recalling information from LTM

Front 22

Retrieval fluency

Back 22

the ease with which an item can be recalled

Front 23

Spaced Retrieval

Back 23

Repeated testing of information at spaced intervals

Front 24

Tip of the tongue (TOT)

Back 24

A retrieval state in which a person feels he or she knows the information but cannot immediately retrieve it.

Front 25

naturalistic study

Back 25

a study of the TOT state in which people record these events as they occur outside the laboratory.

Front 26

Spontaneous retrieval

Back 26

a retrieval that occurs without making a conscious effort to recall information.

Front 27

Cognitive interview

Back 27

The use of cognitively based retrieval techniques to improve recall

Front 28

direct memory test

Back 28

A test that asks people to recall or recognize past events

Front 29

indirect memory test

Back 29

a test that does not explicitly ask about past events but is influenced by memory of past events.

Front 30

Implicit memory

Back 30

Memory evaluated by indirect memory tests.

Front 31

Recognition memory

Back 31

deciding whether an item had previously occurred in a specified context

Front 32

Conceptually driven process

Back 32

a process that is influenced by a person's strategies

Front 33

data-driven process

Back 33

a process that is influenced by the stimulus material

Front 34

Episodic memory

Back 34

Memory of specific events, including when and where they occurred.

Front 35

Semantic memory

Back 35

Memory of general knowledge not associated with a particular context

Front 36

procedural memory

Back 36

Memory for actions, skills, and operations

Front 37

Priming

Back 37

Facilitation in the detection or recognition of a stimulus by using prior information

Front 38

Levels of processing

Back 38

A theory that proposes that "deeper" (semantic) levels of processing enhance memory.

Front 39

maintenance rehearsal

Back 39

rehearsal that keeps information active in STM

Front 40

incidental learning task

Back 40

A task that requires people to make judgments about stimuli without knowing that they will later be tested on their recall of the stimuli

Front 41

primary associates

Back 41

words that are strongly associated with each other, as typically measured by asking people to provide associations to words.

Front 42

clustering

Back 42

percentage of occasions in which a word is followed by its primary associate during free recall of words.

Front 43

structural coding

Back 43

a memory code that emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus.

Front 44

phonemic coding

Back 44

a memory code that emphasizes the pronunciation of the stimulus

Front 45

semantic coding

Back 45

a memory code that emphasizes the meaning of the stimulus

Front 46

noncued recall

Back 46

recall that occurs without hints or cues provided by the experiementer

Front 47

cued recall

Back 47

recall that occurs with hints or cues, such as providing the questions asked during the judgment phase of a task.

Front 48

imprecise elaboration

Back 48

provision or generation of additional material unrelated to remembered material.

Front 49

precise elaboration

Back 49

provision or generation of additional material closely related to remembered material.

Front 50

self-generation

Back 50

generation of items by participants in an experiment, rather than the provision of these items by the experimenter.

Front 51

distinctive item

Back 51

an item different in appearance or meaning from other items

Front 52

primary distinctiveness

Back 52

an item distinct from other items in the immediate context.

Front 53

secondary distinctiveness

Back 53

an item distinct from items stored in LTM

Front 54

emotional distinctiveness

Back 54

items that produce an intense emotional reaction

Front 55

flashbulb memory

Back 55

a memory of an important event that caused an emotional reation.

Front 56

processing distinctiveness

Back 56

creation of a memory code that makes that memory distinct from other memories.

Front 57

encoding specificity principle

Back 57

a theory that states that the effectiveness of a retrieval cue depends on how well it relates to the initial encoding of an item.

Front 58

mood-dependent memory

Back 58

memory that is improved when people are tested under conditions that recreate their mood when they learned the material.

Front 59

transfer-appropriate processing

Back 59

encoding material in a manner related to how the material will be used later.

Front 60

problem-oriented acquisition

Back 60

encoding material in a manner that is helpful for its later use in solving problems.

Front 61

fact-oriented acquisition

Back 61

encoding material in a manner that emphasizes factual knowledge without emphasizing its application.

Front 62

concrete-abstract dimension

Back 62

extent to which a concept can be represented by a picture.

Front 63

imagery potential

Back 63

ease with which a concept can be imagined

Front 64

association value

Back 64

the number of verbal associations generated for a concept

Front 65

dual-coding theory

Back 65

a theory that memory is improved when items can be represented by both verbal and visual memory codes.

Front 66

relational information

Back 66

information specifying how concepts are related.