Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Memory
|
Our capacity to register, store and recover info over time
|
|
Cognition
|
All mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering info
|
|
Info Processing Model
|
Information is inputted, it is first encoded, stored, and then retrieved
|
|
Filter Theory
|
Unimportant info is dropped and relevant info is encoded
|
|
Levels of Processing Model
|
How long/well we remember info depends on how deeply we process the info when it is encoded
|
|
Shallow Processing
|
Structural encoding of superficial sensory info
|
|
Semantic Coding
|
Emphasizes meaning of verbal input
|
|
Deep Processing
|
Attaching meaning to info and creating associations of elaboration
|
|
Elaboration
|
Creating associations between the new memory and the old
|
|
Self-referent Encoding
|
To relate new info to oneself
|
|
Sensory Memory
|
Info stored long enough just to be perceived
|
|
Iconic Memory
|
Represents visual stimulus that lasts for less than a second
|
|
Echoic Memory
|
Lasts about 4 sec. Just long enough to hear a flow of info
|
|
Selective Attention
|
Focusing of awareness on a specific stimulus in sensory memory
|
|
Automatic Processing
|
Unconscious encoding of info about space, time, and frequency
|
|
Parallel Processing
|
A natural mode of info processing that involves several info streams simultaneously
|
|
Effortful Processing
|
Encoding that requires our attention and conscious effort
|
|
Short-term memory
|
STM; can hold a limited amount of info for about 30 sec. Unless processed further
|
|
Chunking
|
Grouping info into meaningful units
|
|
Working Memory Model
|
Phonological loop briefly stores info about lang. Sounds with an acoustic code from sensory memory and rehearsal func.
|
|
Long-Term Memory
|
Relatively permanent and practically unlimited capacity memory system
|
|
Explicit Memory
|
AKA declarative memory; Facts and experiences we consciously know
|
|
Semantic Memory
|
Facts and general knowledge
|
|
Episodic Memory
|
Personally experienced events
|
|
Implicit Memory
|
AKA nondeclarative memory; Skills and procedures to do things
|
|
Procedural Memory
|
Motor/cognitive skills, classical/operant conditioning effects
|
|
Hierarchies
|
Systems in which concepts are arranged from more general to more specific
|
|
Concepts
|
Mental representations of related things
|
|
Prototypes
|
Typical examples of the concept
|
|
Semantic Networks
|
Irregular and distorted systems than strict hierarchies
|
|
Schemas
|
Preexisting mental frameworks
|
|
Script
|
Schema for an event
|
|
Connectionism Theory
|
Memory is stored throughout the brain in connections between neurons
|
|
Parallel Processing
|
AKA Neural network; Emphasizes the simultaneous processing of info
|
|
Long-Term Potentiation
|
AKA LTP; Strengthening of neural connections at synapses
|
|
Flashbulb Memory
|
A vivid memory of an emotionally arousing event
|
|
Thalamus
|
Involves the encoding sensory memory into short-term memory
|
|
Hippocampus
|
Involved in explicit long-term memory
|
|
Anterograde Amnesia
|
The inability to put new info into explicit memory
|
|
Retrograde Amnesia
|
Involves memory loss for a segment of the past, usually around the time of an accident
|
|
Cerebellum
|
Involved in implicit memory of skills
|
|
Retrieval
|
Process of getting info out of memory storage
|
|
Recognition
|
Identification of learned items when they are presented
|
|
Recall
|
Retrieval of previously learned info
|
|
Reconstruction
|
Retrieval of memories that can be distorted by adding, dropping, or changing details to fit a schema
|
|
Parallel Processing
|
A natural mode of info processing that involves several info streams simultaneously
|
|
Effortful Processing
|
Encoding that requires our attention and conscious effort
|
|
Short-term memory
|
STM; can hold a limited amount of info for about 30 sec. Unless processed further
|
|
Chunking
|
Grouping info into meaningful units
|
|
Working Memory Model
|
Phonological loop briefly stores info about lang. Sounds with an acoustic code from sensory memory and rehearsal func.
|
|
Long-Term Memory
|
Relatively permanent and practically unlimited capacity memory system
|
|
Explicit Memory
|
AKA declarative memory; Facts and experiences we consciously know
|
|
Semantic Memory
|
Facts and general knowledge
|
|
Episodic Memory
|
Personally experienced events
|
|
Implicit Memory
|
AKA nondeclarative memory; Skills and procedures to do things
|
|
Procedural Memory
|
Motor/cognitive skills, classical/operant conditioning effects
|
|
Hierarchies
|
Systems in which concepts are arranged from more general to more specific
|
|
Concepts
|
Mental representations of related things
|
|
Prototypes
|
Typical examples of the concept
|
|
Semantic Networks
|
Irregular and distorted systems than strict hierarchies
|
|
Serial Position effect
|
Remembering first stuff, last stuff, forgetting middle stuff
|
|
Retrieval Cues
|
Reminders associated with info we are trying to get out of memory
|
|
Priming
|
Activating specific associations in memory either consciously or unconsciously
|
|
Distributed Practice
|
Spreading out the memorization of info or the learning of skills over time
|
|
Massed Practice
|
Cramming the memorization of info or learning skills into one session
|
|
Mnemonic Devices
|
Memory tricks when encoding info
|
|
Method of Loci
|
Using association of words on a list with visualization of places on a familiar path
|
|
Peg word mnemonic
|
Memorizing a scheme
|
|
Context-dependent memory
|
Recalling info in the same environment it was encoded in
|
|
Mood Congruence
|
Remember happy things when happy, remember bad things when unhappy
|
|
State-dependent
|
Things we learn in one internal state are more easily recalled when in the same state again
|
|
Relearning
|
Measure of retention of memory that assess the time saved compared to learning the first time
|
|
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
|
Knowing something, but not being able to pull it out of memory
|
|
Interference
|
Learning similar items may prevent the retrieval of others
|
|
Proactive Interference
|
Disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info
|
|
Serial Position effect
|
Remembering first stuff, last stuff, forgetting middle stuff
|
|
Retrieval Cues
|
Reminders associated with info we are trying to get out of memory
|
|
Priming
|
Activating specific associations in memory either consciously or unconsciously
|
|
Distributed Practice
|
Spreading out the memorization of info or the learning of skills over time
|
|
Massed Practice
|
Cramming the memorization of info or learning skills into one session
|
|
Mnemonic Devices
|
Memory tricks when encoding info
|
|
Method of Loci
|
Using association of words on a list with visualization of places on a familiar path
|
|
Peg word mnemonic
|
Memorizing a scheme
|
|
Context-dependent memory
|
Recalling info in the same environment it was encoded in
|
|
Mood Congruence
|
Remember happy things when happy, remember bad things when unhappy
|
|
State-dependent
|
Things we learn in one internal state are more easily recalled when in the same state again
|
|
Relearning
|
Measure of retention of memory that assess the time saved compared to learning the first time
|
|
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
|
Knowing something, but not being able to pull it out of memory
|
|
Interference
|
Learning similar items may prevent the retrieval of others
|
|
Proactive Interference
|
Disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info
|