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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the rules that govern the sound system of language
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phonology
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the rules the govern word structure
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morphology
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those that govern the arrangements of words in sentences
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syntax
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those that have to do with words meanings
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semantics
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the social rules that underlie language use
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pragmatics
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Spoken statements in which the speaker asserts his or her belief (Searle's type of spoken language)
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Assertives
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instructions dispatched from the speaker to the listener (Searle's type of spoken language)
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Directives
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commit the speaker to a later action (Searle's type of spoken language)
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Commissives
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describes the psychological states of the speaker (Searle's type of spoken language)
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Expressives
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spoken statements in which the utterance itself is the action (Searle's type of spoken language)
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Declaratives
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what is the recency effect?
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it predicts greater recall for items near the end of a list because these items have not had time to decay from working memory
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implicit response
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one that occurs inside the animal (includes such events as visceral movements, glandular secretions, and nerve impulses)
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explicit response
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is overt and directly observable and includes actions such as talking or reaching
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unconditioned stimulus
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elicits a response all on its own
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unconditioned response
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is a response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus (salivation caused by meat powder for the dog)
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conditioned stimulus
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elicits a response only after it has been paired repeatedly with an unconditioned stimulus (sound of the fork in a salivating situation)
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conditioned response
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is a response elicited by a conditioned stimulus (the salivation caused by the turning fork)
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classical conditioning
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is a form of associative learning that was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov
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Operant conditioning
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the type of learning in which a behavior is strengthened if it is followed by reinforcement, and diminished if followed by punishment
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positive reinforcement
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add a stimulus immediately after a behavior to increases the probability that the behavior will occur again
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negative reinforcement
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is an unpleasant stimulus that is removed after a behavioral response
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punishment
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any consequence of a behavior that is apt to decrease the future incidence of that behavior
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memory
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the capacity to retain information over time
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sensory memory
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is a repository for incoming sensory information
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working memory
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aka short term memory, information is briefly stored
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encoding
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information is taken into long term memory and converted into a usable form
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anterograde amnesia
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inability to retain new information
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retrograde amnesia
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inability to remember information aquired prior to the accident
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serial processors
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perform one computation at a time
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parallel processing
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receives and processes multiple inputs and transmit multiple outputs
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what is a flashbulb memory?
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memory burned into your brain
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Hippocampus
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receives input from all sensory systems and has many internal recurrent connections and sends feedback to the sensory system
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How long is sensory memory stored?
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milliseconds
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How long is working memory stored?
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seconds
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How long is associative memory stored?
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semi-permanent/longterm
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What does the frontal lobe contribute to and where is it located?
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located anteriorly. Contributes to problem solving and language production.
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What does the temporal lobe contribute to and where is it located?
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located in the ventral. It mediates auditory processing, pattern recognition, and language comprehension.
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What is Marr's theory of vision and the steps/stages?
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Marr described vision as proceeding from a two-dimensional visual array (on the retina) to a three-dimensional description of the world as output.
STAGE ONE: (primal sketch) - luminance, orientation, color, motion, disparity STAGE TWO: (2 1/2-D sketch) - shape, texture, velocity, depth STAGE THREE: (3D Model) |
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What is JJ Gibson's theories of ecological perception and direct perception?
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ecological:
(ecological validity/ moving observer - optic flow) direct: (connect vision to action/ invariants and affordances) gibsonian invariants: (texture gradients- size/ horizon ratio - telephone poles example) |
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What are illusions of contrast?
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~ brightness (lateral connections)
grey on grey ~ color (simultaneous color contrast) ~ orientation (tilt contrast) |
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What are adaptation illusions?
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~ brightness (jesus example)
~ color (american flag color) ~ orientation - tilt after effect ~ motion - motion after effect (waterfall illusion) |
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What is Treisman's theory of attention?
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different kinds of attention are responsible for binding different features into consciously experienced wholes
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What is the McGurk effect?
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is a perceptual phenomenon which demonstrates an interaction between hearing and vision in speech perception. it involves information from more than one sensory modality.
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What is the Wernicke's area in charge of?
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Comprehension
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What is the Broca's area in charge of?
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Language
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What is Wernicke's aphasia?
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when comprehension is in tact just with poor intelligence and language skills (not strong at making grammatical sentences)
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What is Broca's aphasia?
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when on speaks slower with less words (brain can not put together correct words to make a sentence)
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What is Agraphia?
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an acquired deficit in writing
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What is Alexia?
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mapping and language deficit
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What is Deep Dyslexia?
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poor mapping between orthography and phonology. yacht = boat
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What is Surface Dyslexia?
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slow reading, poor comprehension, slow inaccurate naming of words
(pint, yacht, ect -irregular) (duke, laip, ect - pseudo words) person has normal IQ range |
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What is Conduction Aphasia?
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intact auditory comprehension, fluent speech production, but poor speech repetition
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What is an example of "Anticipation Errors" (type of speech error)?
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Happy Dog --> (becomes) Dappy Dog
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What is an example of "Preservation Errors" (type of speech error)?
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Happy Dog --> (becomes) Happy Hog
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What is an "Exchange Error or Spoonerism" (type of speech error)?
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an error in speech, deliberate play on words in which corresponding consonants, vowels, or morphemes are switched
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What is the tip of the tongue state? and how much do you remember?
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Can't remember the answer to something. Usually remember syllables, how it sounds, and what letter it begins with.
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What is Semantic Memory?
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Something we take for granted (8x9=72)
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What is Episodic Memory?
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Something we usually remember, like our 16th birthday
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Explicit Memory
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able to explain why and how you know and remember what you know
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Implicit Memory
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not able to know or remember how you know something
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What is the (LGN) Lateral Geniculate Nucleus?
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is the primary processing center for visual information received from the retina of the eye
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What are qualities of Magnocellular Pathways or cells (related to LGN)
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- low spatial resolution
- fast cell response - color insensitive |
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What are qualities of Parvocellular Pathways? (related to LGN)
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- High spatial resolution
- slow cell response - color sensitive |
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What is the Reichardt Motion Detector?
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is the primary processing center for visual information received from the retina of the eye. It is tuned to a certain speed and direction of movement.
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What is the "feature search" related to in Treisman's theory of attention?
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Preattentive vision/ parallel
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What is the "conjunction search" related to in Treisman's theory of attention?
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attentive vision/ serial
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afferent
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conveying towards a center
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efferent
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conveying away from the center
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