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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Abduction
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reasoning that generates hypotheses to explain puzzling facts
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ACT
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Adaptive Control of Thought; a computational theory of thinking developed by John Anderson
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Affective computing
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study of computing technology that relates to, arises from, or deliberately influences emotions
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Algorithm
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a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem
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Amygdala
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almond-shaped part of the brain involved in emotions such as fear
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Analogy
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mental processes that makes connections between relations in two sets of objects
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Anthropology
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the study of origins, distribution, social relations, and culture of human beings
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Artificial Intelligence
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the study of how computers can be programmed to percieve, reason, and act
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Backprogagation
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learning algorithm in feedforward networks that adjusts the strengths of the links between neurons
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Bayesian network
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a directed graph that can be used to reason with probabilistic information
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Cone-based reasoning
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reasoning by analogy
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Chaos
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property of a dynamic system that is highly sensitive to small changes
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Cognitive grammar
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approach to linguistics that rejects the traditional separation of syntax and semantics
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Cognitive science
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the interdisciplinary study of mind and intelligence
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Coma
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state of deep unconsciousness caused by disease or injury
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Computation
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physical process with states that represent states of another system and with transition between states that amount to operations on the representations
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Concept
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mental representation of a class of objects or events that belong together, usually corresponding to a word
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Conceptual change
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process in which new concepts are constructed by joining or juxtaposing old ones
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Connectionism
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approach to cognitive science that models thinking by artificial neural networks
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Consciousness
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mental state involving attention, awareness, and qualitative experience
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Cortex
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outer layer of the brain, responsible for many higher cognitive functions
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CRUM
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`Computational-Representational Understanding of the Mind; the hypothesis that thinking is performed by computations operating on representations
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Culture
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the way of life of a society, including beliefs and behaviors
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Data structure
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an organization of information in a computer program
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Deduction
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reasoning from premises to a conclusion such that if the premises are true then the conclusion must also be true
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Distributed artificial intelligence
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problem solving that requires communication among more than one computer, each of which possess some intelligence
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Distributed cognition
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problem solving that requires communication among more than one thinker
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Distributed representation
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neural networks that use patterns of activity in multiple nodes or neurons to stand for objects or situations
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Dopamine
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neurotransmitter involved in reward pathways in the brain
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Dualism
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philosophical view that the mind consists of two seperate substances, soul and body
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Dynamic systejm
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collection of interacting objects whose changes are describable by mathematical equations
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Electroencephalogram (EEG)
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recording of electrical activity in the brain
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Embodiment
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property of having a body and experiencing the world by means of it
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Emotion
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positive or negative mental state that combines physiological input with cognitive apprasial
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Emotional intelligence
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ability to deal effectively with the emotions of oneself and others
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Empiricism
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the philosophical view that knowledge comes primarily from sensory experience
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Explanation schema
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mental representation of a pattern of casual connections
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Feedforward network
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artificial neural network in which the flow of activity is in one direction, from input neurons to output neurons
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Frame
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data structure that represents a concept or schema
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Functionalism
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version of materialism according to which mental states are defined by their functional relations, not by any particular kind of physical realization
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Hebbian learning
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process in neural networks that strengthens the association between two neurons that are simultaneously active
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Hippocampus
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brain region involved in the acquisition of memories
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Image
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mental structure that is similar to what it represents
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Induction
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reasoning that introduces uncertainity
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Inheritance
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form of inference in which information is transferred from a higher or lower structure
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Innate
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a representation or process that is genetic rather than learned
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Insula (insular cortex)
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brain region that integrates information from many bodily senses
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Intentionality
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property of a representation or mental state that it is about some aspect of the world
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Lesion
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abnormal change in an organ such as the brain
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Linguistics
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the study of language
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Link
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connection between two artificial neurons that enables one to influence the activity of the other
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Local representation
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artificial neural network in which each node stands for a single concept or proposition
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Logic
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the study of valid reasoning
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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technique that uses magnets to produce images of the structure and function of organs
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Materialism
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philosophical view that minds are purely physical
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Meaning
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the content og a representation that results from its relations to other representations and the world
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Mechanism
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system of interconnected parts that produce regular changes
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Memory
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storage of information, either temporary (short-term or working memory) or permanent (long-term)
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Mental model
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mental structure that approximately stands for something in the world
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Mental representation
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a structure or process in the mind that stands for something
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Metaphor
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use of language to understand and experience one kind of thing in terms of another
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Model
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structure that approximately represents some objects or events
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Multiagent system
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interacting collection of computers capable of intelligent action
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Neural network
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interconnected group of neurons
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Neuron
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nerve cell
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Neuroscience
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study of the structure and functioning of brains
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Parallel
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process in which more than one computation is performed at teh same time
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Parallel constraint satisfaction
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process in which a problem is solved by using a parallel algorithm to find the best assignment of values to interconnected aspects of the problem
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Parallel distributed processing
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approach to cognitive science that models thinking by artificial neural networks with distributed representations
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Philosophy
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study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, existence, and morality
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Positron emission tomography (PET)
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technique that uses radioactive isotopes to produce images of the chemical function of organs such as blood flow in the brain
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Prefrontal cortex
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area of the brain at the front of the front of the cortex, responsible for the highest cognitive functions such as reasoning
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Production rule
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a representation of the form IF something THEN something
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Psychology
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study of the minds of humans and other animals
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Rationalism
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the philosophical view that knowledge comes primarily by reasoning that is independent of sensory experience
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Recurrent network
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neural network in which the output of some neurons feeds back via intervening connections to become input to them
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Relaxation
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process in which an artificial neural network reaches a state of stable activations
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Representation
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a structure or activity that stands for something
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Robot
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machine capable of performing complex physical acts similar to ones done by humans
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Rule
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a mental representation of the form IF something THEN something
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Schema
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a mental representation of a class of objects, events, or practices
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Search
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a computational process of looking for or carrying out a sequence of actions that lead to desired states
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Situated action
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action that results from being embedded in a physical or social world
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SOAR
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State, Operator, And Result; a computational theory of thinking developed by Allen Newell and others
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Social cognition
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study of how people think about each other
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Social epistemology
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study of social practices that encourage or inhibit the development of knowledge
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Somatic marker
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brain signal corresponding to states of the body relevant to emotions
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Source analog
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set of objects, properties, and relations that suggests conclusions about a target analog
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Spike train
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firing pattern of a neuron, consisting of a sequence of firing episodes
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Spreading activation
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computational process in which the activity of one structure leads to the activity of an associated structure
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Syllogism
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kind of deduction in which the premises and conclusions have forms such as "All A or B" and "No A are B"
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Synapse
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space in which a signal passes from one neuron to another
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Target analog
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set of objects, properties, and relations that can be learned about by comparison to a source analog
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Theory
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set of hypotheses that explain observations
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Thought experiment
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use of the imagination to investigate nature
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Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
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the bottom-middle part of the prefrontal cortex
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Whorf hypothesis
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conjecture that language determines how we perceive and think about the world
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