Cog Sci 102

Front 1

Agents of balanced anesthesia

Back 1

sedative, anesthesia, muscle relaxant, analgesia

Front 2

Clinical assessment of consciousness

Back 2

MAC (potency of inhaled anesthetic), PRST (autonomic nervous system index of consciousness), Central nervous system indices (ERPs = abolish late components; EEG power spectrum = keep between 2-3 Hz); BIS/bispectral index (computerized version of EEG, algorithm)

Front 3

Glasgow Coma Scale (what's it based on?)

Back 3

eye, verbal, motor response, best response patient can make

Front 4

What's damaged in coma?

Back 4

posterior brain stem

Front 5

What measures muscle relaxation?

Back 5

EMG (electromyogram)

Front 6

What measures eye movements?

Back 6

EOG (electrooculogram)

Front 7

Stage 2 sleep

Back 7

spindles, K-complexes

Front 8

Stage 1 descending

Back 8

alpha disappears, muscle relaxation, SREM, denial of sleep on awakening

Front 9

Stage 3

Back 9

appearance of delta activity, hard to wake

Front 10

Stage 4

Back 10

dominance of delta activity, awaken groggy

Front 11

REM

Back 11

no alpha activity, extreme muscle relaxation, rapid-eye movements, higher heart rate, awaken alert

Front 12

Hypnagogic reverie

Back 12

imagery in descending stage 1, myoclonic jerk

Front 13

Hypnopompic reverie

Back 13

ascending stage 1, sleep paralysis, static imagery

Front 14

Night terrors

Back 14

stages 3,4; return to peaceful sleep, no memory upon awakening

Front 15

Nightmare

Back 15

stage REM

Front 16

Somnambulism

Back 16

sleepwalking; stage NREM (unparalyzed)

Front 17

Somniloguy

Back 17

sleeptalking; REM (concordant with dream contexts, good semantic and syntax) or NREM (discordant with dream, aphasic)

Front 18

Wyatt study

Back 18

amnesia for items presented in minutes immediately preceding sleep onset

Front 19

Dreaming in stage REM vs. NREM

Back 19

Foulkes: either; actually, REM

Front 20

Freud

Back 20

dreams have hidden meanings, symbolically representing in repressed unconscious thoughts and memories

Front 21

AIM Model of consciousness

Back 21

3 elements to produce consciousness: cortical activation (level of alertness), input-output gating (input source internal vs. external), modulation (between aminergic neurons and cholinergic neurons)
-->dreams are meaningless

Front 22

AIM and waking

Back 22

high activation, external information, aminergic > cholinergic

Front 23

AIM and NREM

Back 23

low activation, internal information, aminergic = cholinergic

Front 24

AIM and REM

Back 24

high activation, internal information, cholinergic > aminergic

Front 25

Foulkes

Back 25

dreams are a form of thinking, random samples of the mind of the dreamer; during REM and NREM

Front 26

Dormhoff

Back 26

dreaming is an achievement marking a certain stage of cognitive development

Front 27

Norman Malcolm

Back 27

the concept of dreaming really refers to the impressions and the reports of having dreamt, which occur immediately after awakening from sleep, not during sleep

Front 28

Dennett

Back 28

library of undreamed dreams in the brain, no conscious experience happening during sleep, just the unconscious insertion of a dream recollection into memory

Front 29

Activation-synthesis theory

Back 29

dream consciousness is seen as a disorganized and deficient form of consciousness

Front 30

Theories about why we dream

Back 30

side-effect of neuronal activities, solves problems, mental health, simulation of world to practice

Front 31

Dissociative disorders

Back 31

disruption in consciousness affecting patient's awareness of memory/identity; impairs explicit memory

Front 32

Psychogenic amnesia

Back 32

person cannot remember a certain period of life

Front 33

psychogenic fugue

Back 33

forgets part of life and who he/she is, also affects semantics

Front 34

multiple personality disorder (dissociate identity disorder)

Back 34

switches between identities

Front 35

Depersonalization

Back 35

experiences himself as different

Front 36

Derealization

Back 36

experiences world as different

Front 37

Conversion disorders

Back 37

disruption in consciousness affecting the patient's sensory and perceptual awareness, or ability to engage in voluntary motor activity (cannot feel, see, hear despite nothing wrong with nervous system); reversible

Front 38

4 criteria to distinguish between altered states of consciousness

Back 38

induction procedure, subjective experience, overt behavior, psychophysiological indices

Front 39

Views of development of consciousness

Back 39

Phylogenetic: evolution of a trait across species
Ontogenetic: emergence of a trait within an individual
Cultural

Front 40

Descartes

Back 40

animals behave due to unconscious, involuntary reflexes; humans have souls/free will/mind (highest stage of development)

Front 41

Darwin

Back 41

natural selection also applies to mental state, we can find qualities of humans in "higher" animals

Front 42

Romanes

Back 42

extends intelligence down to nonhuman animals (anecdotal evidence) (improbable that the body is continuous across species but not the mind)

Front 43

Morgan

Back 43

conservative about the attribution of mind to nonanimals

Front 44

Washburn

Back 44

we can draw analogies from humans to animals, criteria for attribution of mind to animals: anatomical resemblance to humans, rapid learning

Front 45

Watson

Back 45

consciousness and intelligence play no role in animal behavior --> humans this way also

Front 46

Griffin

Back 46

3 considerations for determining consciousness: complexity of behavior, similarity of nervouse systems, functionality of consciousness

Front 47

Anonsognosia

Back 47

unawareness of deficit (brain refuses to update the self-representation appropriately)

Front 48

Asomatognosia

Back 48

patient denies ownership of a limb

Front 49

Capgras delusion

Back 49

families faces do not elicit emotional reaction, makes the patient believe that people have been switched with identical doubles

Front 50

Fregoli

Back 50

almost all faces elicit strong, specific emotional reaction --> significant person is following around in different disguises

Front 51

left hemisphere roles

Back 51

self-representation, explanations about ourselves; construct an internally coherent narrative of all the experiences and behaviors of the person

Front 52

right hemisphere

Back 52

critically examine and question the narratives; damage --> confabulates

Front 53

Lloyd Morgan's canon

Back 53

we should not attribute mental activity to animals if simpler explanations will do