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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Explicit Memory |
Declarative memory- facts and experiences that we know |
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Implicit memory |
non-declarative memory- memories obtained due to unconscious effort |
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Controlled processing |
encoding that requires attention and effor |
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automatic processing |
unconscious encoding of incidental information (I.E. space,time, well learned info) |
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chunking |
organizing info into familiar and manageable units so that they can be recalled more easily |
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mnemonics |
vivid imagery and/or organization to remember (ROY G BIV) |
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Hierarchies |
start with a broad concept and divide and subdivide it into narrower concepts (vice versa) ex. Liger |
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distributed practice |
encoding info is distributed overtime to better retain it (spacing and testing effect) |
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shallow processing |
encoding on a basic level (structure or appearance of words) |
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Deep processing |
encoding on an advanced level (meaning of words) |
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Schneider and Shiffrin (1977) |
Controlled and automatic info processing . Participants were told to remember 2 letters. 4 letters came up on screen and they pressed the button when they saw their letter. condition 1- target letters changed (controlled) condition 2- target letters never changed (automatic) |
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Anderson and Fuller (2010) |
Students listened to different types of music while studying and took a test. Results- listening to music interfered with their reading comprehension |
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Memory |
learning that has persisted over time. info that has been stored and can be retrieved |
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Recall memory |
Retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier time (fill in the blank questions) |
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Recognition memory |
identifying items previously learned (multiple choice) |
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Relearning Memory |
learning something more quickly a second time (picking up a language you spoke as a child) |
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Independent samples t-test |
comparing the means of 2 separate groups of participants
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ANOVA |
comparing the means of several groups (3 or more) |
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Nominal |
categories |
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ordinal |
information is in order but values don't matter (Likert scale 1-5) |
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Interval |
information is in order and has equal spaces between the information (time on a clock) |
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Ratio |
has an absolute zero |
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Information processing model |
memory model that compares human memory to a computers operations |
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Working memory |
aka short term memory: memory that includes visual and auditory information |
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Central executive |
manages how we remember the visual and auditory info by pulling info from out long-term memory |
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Miller (1956) |
The magical number is +/- 2 chunks. |
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Bartlett (1932) |
The war of the Ghosts |
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Assimilation |
consistent with a persons culture |
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leveling |
shortening the information |
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Sharpening |
reorganizing the information |
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Long term memory |
Memory that can last anywhere from a few days to a lifetime |
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Bahrick et al (1975) |
Faces to names. free recall is worse than recognition |
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Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) |
our memories are better for events that happen over long periods of time (i.e. growing up with someone) |
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Tulving(1972) |
not a study. Proposed a distinction between episodic, semantic, and procedural memory |
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Episodic Memory |
responsible for information about events we experienced (conscious and declarative) |
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Procedural memory |
responsible for knowing how to do things automatically (how to ride a bike) |
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Semantic memory |
responsible for storing information about the world (general knowledge)-is declarative |
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Priming Effects |
activation of particular associations by a stimuli that directs a person's thoughts in a particular manner |
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Framing effects |
How something is presented (framed) influences behavior, thoughts, responses |
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Forehand & Deshpande (2001) |
Ethnic Prime. Found that if people watched an ethnic ad they were more likely to like the spokesperson of their own ethnicity and use their ethnicity to describe themselves after the ad |
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Loftus and Palmer (1974) |
"False Memory" saw a traffic accident. when asked the speed of the cars the words used were either bumped or smashed. Participants who heard smashed estimated a higher speed |
