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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does thinking encompass? |
Reasoning, problem solving and decision making |
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What 2 processes does thinking involve? |
Controlled (explicit) processes Automatic (implicit) processes |
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What is thought? |
extension of perception and memory |
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What does thinking involve? |
manipulating mental representations (images, words) for a purpose |
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What are mental models? |
representation that describes, explains or predicts how things work |
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What are objects classified on? |
basis of their properties |
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What is categories? |
groupings based on common properties |
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What is a concept? |
mental representation of a category |
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What do we categorise objects by? |
comparison to defining features similarity/dissimilarity to prototypes |
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What are the 3 levels of categorisation? and what do they mean? Provide an example of each. |
basic: natural level (bird) subordinate: more specific than basic (magpie) superordinate: more abstract than basic (living thing, animal) |
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What is Reasoning? |
conclusions are drawn from a set of facts |
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What is deductive reasoning? |
conclusion following 2 or more statements |
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What does deductive reasoning require us to focus on?
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structure not content |
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What is inductive reasoning? |
conclusion made about the probability of some state of affairs based on evidence and past experience |
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Which hemisphere has greater activation in deductive reasoning? |
right |
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What hemisphere has greater activation in inductive reasoning? |
left |
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What is analogical reasoning ? |
Process by which people understand a novel situation in terms of a familiar one |
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What is a juxtaposition? |
2 sets of ideas |
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What is problem solving? |
efforts to discover what must be done and to achieve a goal that is not readily obtainable |
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What are the 3 components of problem solving? |
initial state: current goal state: desired set of operations: steps to move from initial to goal state |
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What is problem clarity? |
well-defined problems |
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What are ill-defined problems? |
unclearly specified |
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What is an algorithm? |
step by step procedure that always finds a solution |
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What is mental stimulation? |
imagining the steps involved in problem solving before they happen |
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What is means-ends analysis |
identifying principal differences between initial & goal state |
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What does dividing a problem into subgoals facilitate? |
solution |
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What can you do for a problem with a well-specified endpoint |
Work backwards |
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What are some ways problems are represented? |
symbols, diagrams, graphs, visual imagery |
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What is a suitable way to represent the Buddhist Monk Problem? |
Visual imagery & graphs |
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What is functional fixedness? |
Tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common function |
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What is Duncker's candle problem helping overcome? |
functional fixedness |
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What is confirmation bias? |
tendency to search for confirmation of what we already believe |
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What are some ways we can improve problem solving? |
avoid functional fixedness change mental set switch to different representation avoid confirmation bias by looking for disconfirming evidence |
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What does decision making involve? |
looking at two different options and choosing between them |
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What do assumed decision makers have complete info about? |
all options pros and cons of each |
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What are decision making heuristics? |
rules of thumb used to make decisions |
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What is a prototype? |
most typical instance of a category |
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If deviation from a prototype is small are the odds good or bad? |
good |
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What is Gamblers Fallacy? |
belief that odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn't occurred recently |
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In neuropsychology of thinking what two things are the frontal lobes critical for? |
Dorsolateral PFC: working memory Ventromedial PFC: emotional reactions |
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What is relational processing important for? |
analogy, reasoning, problem solving |
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What does relational processing rely on? |
frontal brain regions |
