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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the basic memory process? |
Encoding - Storage - Retrieval |
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What is Encoding? |
It is processing. A way of getting info into the memory. Forming a memory code. |
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What is Attention? |
- Focusing on narrow range of stimuli - is selective - prerequisite of encoding |
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What is pseudo forgetting? |
lack of attention 'fake forgetting' |
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Who proposed the levels of processing theory? and What is it? |
Craik & Lockhart (1972) Way of thinking about encoding in terms of its depth. |
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What was the main idea of the theory? |
The deeper the level of processing = longer lasting memories. |
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What were the 3 types of the Processing Theory? |
1. Structural Encoding 2. Phonemic Encoding 3. Semantic Encoding |
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Elaborate on Structural encoding. What level is it? How good is the recall? What does it focus on? |
Shallowest level/ lowest recall Focuses on how the stimulus looks (physical structure) |
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Elaborate on Phonemic encoding. What level is it? How good is the recall? What does it focus on? |
Intermediate level/ medium recall. Focuses on how stimulus sounds (i.e. rhyming etc.) |
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Elaborate on Semantic encoding. What level is it? How good is the recall? What does it focus on? |
Deepest level of encoding/ Highest recall. Focuses on meaning. Semantic processing leads to longer lasting memories. |
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What are 3 ways to enrich semantic encoding? |
1. Elaboration 2. Visual Imagery 3. Self-referent encoding |
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What is Elaboration? |
Linking stimulus to other info |
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What did Palmere et al (1983) test? |
Tested recall of main ideas. The more examples with an idea, the more you can remember it. |
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What is Visual Imagery? (second step of enriching semantic encoding) |
Visual Imagery is creating image to represent word. |
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What type of words is visual imagery useful for? and what types of words is it less useful for? Provide examples for each. |
Useful for concrete words (apple) Less useful for abstract words (truth) |
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What is Pavio (1986) Dual-coding theory? |
Two codes better than 1. If you can form semantic & visual codes, memory will be better. |
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What did Pavio, Smythe & Yuille (1968) find that recall was best for? provide examples. |
Recall was best for high, high words (Juggler, dress) Recall was worst for low, low words (quality, truth) |
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What is Self-referent encoding? |
How info refers/is relevant to you. Works well. |
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What did Rogers, Kuiper & Kirker (1977) find relating to self referent encoding? |
If words related to the person personally there was better recall. |
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What is Storage? |
Keeping info in the memory. |
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What are the 3 different stores in Atkinson & Shiffrin's model of memory storage? |
Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory |
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What do each of the 3 different stores differ in? |
Capacity (how much can be held) Encoding (What sort? Structural, phonemic etc.) Duration (How long info lasts?) |
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What is Sensory Memory? |
Allows us to experience a sensation after the sensation stimulation has ceased. |
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What is the - Encoding Format - Storage Capacity - Storage Duration for Sensory Memory? |
Encoding format: Copy of input as it is presented (visual image = visual encoding) Storage Capacity: Large, 25+ stimuli Storage Duration: Very Brief, 1/4 - 2 seconds |
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What is short-term memory? & What is the - Encoding Format - Storage Capacity - Storage Duration for Short-Term Memory? |
Encoding Memory: Mostly phonemic (terms of sound) Storage capacity: 7 +/- 2 chunks Storage Duration: Brief (Longer than sensory but still brief) 30 secs w/o rehearsal, longer with rehearsal. |
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What are chunks? |
Groups of similar stimuli stored as a single unit. Easier to remember than single words. |
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What is long-term memory? |
Stores knowledge over lifetime. |
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What is the - Encoding Format - Storage Capacity - Storage Duration for Long-Term Memory? |
Encoding Format: Mostly semantic (terms of meaning) Storage Capacity: seems to be unlimited Storage Duration: long time |
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What is the Working Memory Approach? |
An elaboration on short term memory. |
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What are the 3 components of the Working Memory approach? |
Phonological Loop (PL) Visuospatial Sketchpad (VSSP) Central Executive (CE) |
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What is Phonological Loop (PL)? |
Holds and manipulates speech based info. Memory fades after 2 seconds. |
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What is the Visuospatial Sketchpad (VSSP)? |
Similar function for visual and spatial info Involved in memory for objects in space |
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What is Central Executive (CE)? |
Control system aided by VSSP & PL Involved in reasoning & decision making |
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What are the 2 distinctions in Long Term Memory? |
Procedural vs. Declarative |
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What is Procedural Memory? (distinction of LTM) |
Memory for actions, skills, operations, conditioned responses. Thing we know how to do the actions but cant really explain how we do them (driving a car) |
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What is Declarative Memory? (distinction of LTM) |
Handles factual info. (names, faces, dates, events) |
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What are the two distinctions in Declarative Memory? |
Episodic Memory vs. Semantic Memory |
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What is Episodic memory? (distinction of declarative mem) |
Made up of temporally dated recollections of personal experience. (what did you have for dinner last night? - asking about a particular episode) |
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What is Semantic Memory? (distinction of declarative mem) |
General knowledge. Stuff you just know. (The sky is blue) |
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What is Retrieval? |
Often occurs without effort. |
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What is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon? |
Inability to remember something you know. |
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What is something that assists retrieval? |
Retrieval cues. |
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What are some ways to assess item memory? |
Recall tasks & Recognition tasks |
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What is a recall task? |
reproducing items studied prior |
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What is a recognition task? |
identifying items |
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What are ways to assess memory for context? |
Source memory & Recency discrimination (selecting item that occurred most recently) |
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What are some ways someone forgets? |
No attention - no encoding -pseudo forgetting Shallow processing - ineffective encoding-forget Decay - traces fade with time -forgetting Interference - competition from other material - forget |
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What is Proactive Interference? (PI) |
Old learning interferes with new |
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What is Retroactive Interference? (RI) |
New learning interferes with old. |
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What is Motivated forgetting? |
Forgetting something when you don't want to think about it. |
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What is Repression? |
Distressing thoughts in unconscious. |
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How is info in LTM organised? |
A schema. Organised cluster of knowledge. |
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What is Loftus & Palmer (1974) Misinformation effect? |
Wording of questions can alter memory. |
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What is Amnesia? |
Extensive memory loss, too extensive to be normal forgetting |
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What is Retrograde amnesia? |
Retro = before |
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What is Anterograde amnesia? |
Antero=After Person loses memories for events after injury - New learning impaired |
