Coenzymes (Vitamins) For Final

Front 1

Biotin

Back 1

- propionyl CoA carboxylase
- Acetyl CoA carboxylase
- pyruvate carboxylase

Front 2

Vitamin B12

Back 2

- Methylmalonyl CoA mutase (methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA)
- methionine synthase (homocysteine to methionine)
- to get folate from methyl-folate
- metabolism of isoleucine, methionine, threonine, valine

Front 3

magnesium chloride

Back 3

required for DNA polymerase activity

Front 4

PLP (pyridoxyl phosphate; vitamin B6)

Back 4

- transaminase (aminotransferase)
- cystathionine beta-synthase
- cystathioninase
- alanine transaminase (ALT)
- asparate transaminase (AST)
- ALA synthase (heme synthesis)
- decarboxylase of L-Dopa to dopamine, 7-hydroxytryptophan to serotonin, histidine to histamine, and glutamate to GABA

Front 5

Thiamine pyrophosphate (vitamin B1)

Back 5

- PDH complex
- alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
- transketolase
- alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
- BCAA DH

Front 6

tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)

Back 6

- phenylalanine hydroxylase (converts Phe to Tyr)
- tyrosine hydroxylase (converts Tyr to DOPA)
- tryptophan hydroxylase (converts Trp to 5-hydroxy tryptophan)
- nitric oxide synthase

Front 7

zinc

Back 7

- ALA dehyratase needs zinc as cofactor

Front 8

Vitamin K

Back 8

- gamma-carboxylase cofactor
- y-carboxylase forms mature clotting factors that contain y-carboxyglutamate and is capable of subsequent activation

Front 9

THF and Vit B12

Back 9

- SAM (methylation)
- (s-adenosyl methionine)
- PE to PC
- homocysteine to methionine

Front 10

Copper

Back 10

a. cytochrome c oxidase of the ETC
b. dopamine hydroxylase (with vitamin C) for the synthesis of norepinephrine
c. lysyl oxidase for cross-linking of collagen and elastin
d. tyrosinase for melanin synthesis
e. superoxide dismutase (also zinc, cytosolic form) for scavenging of superoxide


– Cytochrome C
• Part of complex IV of the Electron transport chain – Superoxide dismutase
– Lysyl oxidase
• Synthesis of collagen
– Tyrosinase
• Melanin synthesis
– Dopamine β-hydroxylase
• Neurotransmitter synthesis
- Copper forms ceruloplasmin in the liver, which apart from being a copper transport protein, helps in iron metabolism

Front 11

SAM (s-adenosyl methionine)

Back 11

- norepinephrine --> epinephrine
- PE --> PC
- m-RNA methylation (methyl-G-cap)

Front 12

selenium

Back 12

- glutathione peroxidase

Front 13

molybdenum

Back 13

- xanthine oxidase

Front 14

Manganese

Back 14

- pyruvate carboxylase and mitochondrial SOD

Front 15

Chromium

Back 15

- glucose tolerance factor