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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who is Francesco Redi? |
Took 2 slabs of meat, one covered with paper, the other not. The one that was covered did not have bacterial growth. |
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Who is Janson? |
Developed the first usable microscope, could not see microorganisms. |
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Who is Robert Hook? |
He invented the first compound microscope. He was viewing cork when he coined the term "cells" |
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Who is Leeuwenhook? |
Father of modern microscope. Called bacteria "animalcules." Hung out with a painter named Vermeer, together they made a camera obscura. |
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Who is Lazzaro Spallazani? |
He boiled mutton broth in a sealed container, the container did not grow any bacteria. He was criticized because there was no oxygen in the container. |
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Who is John Needhan? |
Boiled flask of mutton, then put stopper on flask. |
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Who is Louis Pasteur? |
Disproved spontaneous generation by using a looped neck flask that was open to air. Also discovered fermentation (anaerobic growth). |
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Who is Joseph Lister? |
Implemented heat sterilization and washing with phenol. |
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Who is Robert Koch? |
Established 1st evidence that a microorganism is responsible for a disease. He injected anthrax into mice, then isolated the anthrax within the mice, then grew it in culture, then repeated these steps multiple times. |
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Who is Dimitri Ivanowski? |
Isolated the tobacco mosaic virus. He used a Chamberland's filter. |
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Who is Charles Chamberland? |
Invented autoclave and a way to filter out bacteria with porcelain. Filtered anything bigger than 0.2 micron. |
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Who is Fannie Eishemius? |
Discovered the ability of agar. |
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Who are Fannie Eishemius, Richard Petri, and Robert Koch? |
Worked together to make nutrient broths. |
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Who is Edward Jenner? |
Made first vaccine. Innoculated humans with cowpox to prevent small pox. |
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Who is Paul Ehrlich? |
Made trypan red which is selective agent against trypanosomes (African Sleeping Sickness). |
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Who is Gerhard Domagk? |
Won nobel prize for discovering Prontosil Red, effective against pathogenic bacteria (selective) |
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Who is Therese Trefouel? |
Showed that Prontosil Red is converted to Sulfa drugs, which inhibits bacterial folic acid synthesis. |
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Who is Ernest Duchesne? |
Medical student who discovered penicillin but he was forgotten. |
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Who is Alexander Fleming? |
Got credit for discovering penicillin. |
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Who are Heatley, Flory, and Chain? |
Got nobel prize for purifying penicillium from Fleming's fungus. |
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Who is Selman Waksman? |
Nobel prize for Streptomycin. |
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What are Koch's postulates? |
1. Organism must be present in every case of disease, and must be absent in healthy. 2. Organism must be able to be isolated and grown in culture from sick animal. 3. Must be able to inoculate a new host and cause the same disease. 4. Organism must be able to be isolated from the host again. 5. Repeat multiple times. |
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What was used to treat things such as syphilis during the 1600-1900s? |
Pure chemicals like arsenic or mercury. |
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What are the 3 categories of Taxonomy? |
Classification (grouping)- useful for drug choice Nomenclature Identification- causative agent of the disease |
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What is KPCOFGS? |
Keep pulling cotton or family gonna starve. 1.kingdom 2. philum 3. class 4. order 5. genus 6. species (strain comes next) |
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What are the 5 kingdoms? |
Animals plants fungi protest bacteria |
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What are the 3 domains? |
Eubacteria Archeabacteria Eukaryotes |
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What are the classical characteristics of bacteria? |
Morphology physiology ecology genetics (can give genetic material, asexual) |
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What are the molecular characteristics of bacteria? |
1. Protein comparison 2. Nucleic Acid-base composition (G+C) content with melting 3. Nucleic Acid Hybridization (southern blot/northern blot) 4. Sequence Analysis |
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What is a simple matching coefficient? |
The number of characteristics an organism has in common with another, regardless of the attribute being absent or present. |
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What is a jaccard coefficient? |
Only counts the attributes that both organisms have in common. |
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What are the 3 type strains? |
Biovars Serovars Morphovars |
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What is biovars? |
vary in biochemical or physiological properties. (ex. digest lactose) |
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What is morphovars? |
vary in morphology |
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What is serovars? |
vary in antigenic properties. |
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What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? |
1. Prokaryotes lack a nuclear membrane 2. Prokaryotes are smaller 3. Prokaryotes have smaller ribosomes |
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What are 3 products industrially produced by bacteria that are beneficial to humans. |
1. Food 2. Antibiotics 3. Vitamins 4. Vaccines 5. Enzymes 6. Fuel Source |
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What are the environmental benefits from bacteria? |
Fertilizer Waste Water Treatment Fixation of Carbon/Nitrogen Food source for bottom of food chain
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What are the characteristics of prokaryotic cell membranes? |
Encompass cytoplasm Help cell to acquire nutrients Help cell to eliminate waste Has higher protein content than eukaryotic mem some will have highly invaginated membranes |
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What are some similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell membranes? |
They are organized Asymmetrical Flexible Dynamic Contain lipids and proteins
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What is the purpose of bacterial cell wall? |
shape protect cell from osmotic lysis contribute to organisms pathogenicity protects from toxic substances |
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What are the 3 types of transportation within a cell? |
Facilitated Diffusion Active Transport Group Translocation |
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What is facilitated diffusion? |
no energy required, concentration gradient is driving force, uses permeases, used more frequently in eukaryotes |
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What is Active transport? |
requires ATP or proton motive force, moves against concentration gradient, uses permeases |
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What is Group Translocation? |
requires energy, chemically changes substance being moved across membrane, (ex. iron uptake, changes ferric iron to ferrous iron in order to become soluble) |
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What is a dendogram? |
"tree of life" diagram used for organism attribute comparison (looks like backwards sports bracket) |
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What is the purpose of a simple staining? |
To show morphology |
