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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who discovered X-rays and what year?
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Wilhelm Roentgen
Nov 8, 1895 |
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What are the 3 elements used in the radiographic process?
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Source
Patient (object) Film (detector) |
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Radiology: What's source?
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The x-ray generator
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Radiology: What's object?
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The patient's anatomic organ. Position is very important
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Radiology: What's detector?
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An x-ray film. It captures and displays (analog image)
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On the film, what creates the final clinical image?
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the projection of the object
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What are the white areas in the x-rays called?
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radiopacities
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What's attenuated?
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It's where x-rays were stopped.
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Can we see, hear, feel x-rays?
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No
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Do x-rays have mass and electric charge?
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No
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What direction does the x-rays travel?
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In straight line/diverge from source
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Give one property of X-rays
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Weightless packages of pure energy
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Does short wavelength equals low energy?
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No, it equals high frequency therefore high energy
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Does long wavelength equals high energy?
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No, it equals low frequency therefore low energy
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What's radiation biology?
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The study of the effects of
ionizing radiation on biological tissues |
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What is ALARA principle?
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As Low As Reasonably Achievable
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Do collimation increases size and modifies shape of beam?
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No, it decreases size.
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Do collimation reduces volume of tissue irradiated?
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Yes
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Do collimation diminish image quality?
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No, it improves image quality.
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What does kVp controls?
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Quality
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As kVp is raised, the penetrating power of the beam is decreased.
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No, the penetrating power of the beam is increased.
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What does mA control?
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QUANTITY
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As mA is raised, what happens to the x-rays?
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More x-rays are produced per unit time
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What exposure time controls?
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QUANTITY – as time is increased, x-rays are produced for a longer period of time so more x-rays reach the film
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If time is increased, what happens to x-rays?
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They are produced for a longer period of time so more x-rays reach the film
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Is tungsten filament on the positive side?
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No, it's on the negative side
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What's the direction of the electron cloud?
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From tungsten filament to tungsten anode (negative to positive)
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What are the direct effects from x-rays?
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Direct collision with macromolecules AND result in altered structure and function
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What's ionization?
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Break-up of water molecules
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Is the formation of H and OH ions an indirect or direct effect of x-rays?
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Indirect effect
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Name three indirect effects of x-rays?
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Ionization of water molecules, formation of H and OH ions, AND production of hydroperoxyl
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What's the formula for hydroperoxyl ?
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H2O2
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Do ALARA tell a clinician when to prescribe a radiographic examination?
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No,it does not tell the clinitian.
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What are radiolucent structures?
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Structures that easily penetrated by x-rays
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What's the apperance of radiolucent structures?
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Appear dark gray to black
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What are some radiolucent structures seen in a regular bitewing?
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pulp, pdl space, bone marrow spaces, bone loss and defects, and periapical abscess
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What are radiopaque structures?
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Structures that absorb or resist passage of x-rays
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What's the apperance of radiopaque structures?
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Appear light gray to white
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What are some radiopaque structures seen in a regular bitewing?
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Metals such as amalgam
Newer composite restorations Enamel Dentin Compact and cortical bone |
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What are the periodontal components identified on radiographs?
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alveolar bone
periodontal ligament space cementum/dentin |
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What is the normal level of the alveolar crest from apical to CEJ?
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2 mm
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What appears as a continuous white line around tooth root?
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lamina dura
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What occupies in the 2mm space in normal level of the alveolar crest?
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1mm by junctional epithelium AND 1 mm connective tissue fibers
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How do you determine the countour of the crestal bone?
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a parallel line should be drawn between the CEJs of the adjacent teeth and the crestal bone
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Wha is the shape of interdental septa between incisors?
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thin and pointed
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What is the shape of interdental septa between posterior teeth?
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flat
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What is mainly evaluated with a radiographic view of alveolar bone?
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examining the interdental bone
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What is included in biological width?
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junctional epithelium (includes supragingival fiber bundles) AND connective tissue
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What do supragingival fibers bundles contain?
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rope-like collagen fiber bundles located coronal to alveolar crest
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What encroaches on biological width during a margin restoration or crown?
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the restoration or crown, because it was placed so close to the alveolar bone
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What forms do we choose in order to fill out a perio exam in Auxium?
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ERP forms then choose type Perio
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Radiopaque lattice like lines within the bone are called_____
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bone trabeculae
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What is radio-opaque line surrounding the PDL space?
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lamina dura
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When was the use of sodium fluoride incorporated in toothpaste?
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1940-1960
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What are the 3 main roles of fluoride?
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promote remineralization, strengthens teeth from acid attacks, and inhibits the growth of dental plaque
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What's expected from the active ingredient?
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to produce a benefit for the patient
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What are the 3 main things that every tooth paste include?
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binders (prevents separation of solids from liquids), abrasives (scrubs plaque), and sudsers (foaming agent)
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What are some examples of binders?
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karaya gum, methylcellulose, and magnesium aluminum silicate
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What are some examples of abrasives?
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silica, tricalcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, and baking soda
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What are some examples of sudsers?
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sodium lorate sulfate
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What are other ingredients in toothpastes (not in every toothpaste)?
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humectants, flavors, sweeteners, fluorides, toothwhiteners, preservatives, and water
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What's a common toothwhitener ingredient in toothpastes?
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sodium perborate
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What's a common sweetener in toothpastes?
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saccharines
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What is sorbitol or glycerin use for in toothpastes?
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humectants: retain water to maintain paste property
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What are the active ingredients in desensitizing toothpastes?
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strontium chloride OR potassium nitrate... BOTH are effective in sealing off the microtubules
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What are the active ingredients in tarta control toothpastes?
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tetradodium pyrophophate
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What's the percentage that tetradodium pyrophophate was shown to reduce supragingival calculus formation by?
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25-32%
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What are the active ingredients in whitening toothpastes?
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Peroxide: two types
carbamide peroxide AND hydrogen peroxide |
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How does peroxide whitens teeth?
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the peroxide breaks down, allowing oxygen into the enamel of the teeth, bleaching them.
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What are antimicrobials mouthwashes used for?
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for the prevention AND treatment of GINGIVITIS
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Prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases is mainly by what mean and why?
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mechanical means because dental plaque is a biolfilm
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How many times more concentration of antimicrobial is needed to kill bacteria in the biofilm compared with bacteria in a solution?
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at least 500 times
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Antimicrobials are indicated only as an __________
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adjunct to routine periodontal theraphy for gingivitis
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What are the 4 characteristics of an ideal mouthrinse?
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efficacy, stability, substantivity, and safety
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What's efficacy in mouthrinse?
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kills periodontal pathogens with MINIMUM inhibitory concentration
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What's stability in mouthrinse?
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stable at room temperature and has a resonable shelf life
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What's substantivity in mouthrinse?
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retained in oral cavity and released SLOWLY over time with continued effect
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What's safety in mouthrinse?
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low toxicity, does not produce any harmful effects on local tissues or systemically
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What are some indicators for the use of antimicrobials for prevention and treatment of gingivitis?
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patients with poor oral hygiene, patiens with special needs, patients with poor dexterity, and patients taking drugs causing gingival overgrowth
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When should antimicrobials be use?
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after periodontal surgery, patient with dental implants, patient with orthodontic appliances, and immunocompromized patients
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Can antimicrobials be use to prevent and treat candidiasis in immunocompromized patients?
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yes
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What is the gold standard for mouthwash?
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Chlorhexidine Gluconate
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What is the generic name for Chlorhexidine Gluconate mouthwash?
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Peridex OR Periogard
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What is the substantivity, % of plaque reduction, and % of gingivitis reduction for Peridex?
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high substantivity, 45-60% plaque reduction, and 27-67% gingivitis reduction
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What type of microorganism does chlorhexidine gluconate fights against?
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Bactericidal against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and yeasts
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Is Chlorhexidine approved by both FDA and ADA as an antimicrobial and antigingivitis agent?
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Yes
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What are the properties of PERIDEX® /PERIOGARD?
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0.12% Chlorhexidine Gluconate
11.6% Alcohol pH Near/Neutral (5.5) Mint flavored |
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What are the side effects of chlorhexidine?
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Staining of Teeth
Alteration of Taste Calculus Formation Ulceration |
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What are the 4 essential oils?
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Thymol 0.064%
Eucalyptol 0.092% Methyl salicylate 0.06% Menthol 0.042% |
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Is Listerine ADA and FDA approved?
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No, only ADA
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What are the properties of Listerine?
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Low Substantivity
Plaque Reduction 19-35% Gingivitis Reduction 15-37% |
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What are the side effects of Listerine?
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Minimal staining of teeth
Minimal alteration of taste |
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What is the active ingredient in Scope / Cepacol?
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Cetylpyridium Chloride (CPC)
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What are the properties of Scope/Cepacol?
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Low substantivity
Reduction of plaque & gingivitis 14-24% |
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What are the side effects of Scope/Cepacol?
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minimum OR
No alteration of taste No staining |
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What's the alcohol content in Listerine?
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26.9%
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What's the alcohol content in Scope?
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18.9%
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What's the alcohol content in Cepacol?
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14.0%
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What's the alcohol content in Listermint?
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6.6%
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What's the alcohol content in Peridex?
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11.6%
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What are possible side effects of alcohol in mouthrinse?
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oral cancer, dryness of the mouth, possible effect on alcohol addicted person
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True or False: It's ok to recommend alcohol containing mouthwash for patients with dry mouth.
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False
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Name three alcochol free mouthwashes
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Listerine Smart Rinse
Biotene Crest Proheath Rinse |
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What's the content and properties of Crest Pro-health?
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0.07% CPC (Cetylpyridinium Chloride) in high bioavailable matrix
Anti-bacterial May cause staining |
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What are the three main enzymes that Biotine contains?
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Glucose Oxidase, Lactoperoxidase, and Lysozyme
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What are the enzymes in Biotine for?
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boost and replenish saliva's own defenses
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How long a patient should rinse with a mouthwash?
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30 seconds
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True or False: mouthwash can be use immediately before eating
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False
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True or False: After use of a mouthwash is not ok to eat or drink immediately
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True
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How many minutes is recommended to wait between chlorohixidine rinse and use of toothpaste?
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30 minutes
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Can only mouthwashes and toothpaste be use in the treatment of periodontitis?
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no because it can NOT reach subgingival area
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What is the most effective means of plaque removal?
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mechanical plaque control
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What are the FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE SELECTION OF ANY ANTIMICROBIAL?
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SUBSTANTIVITY
ACTIVE INGREDIENT ALCOHOL CONTENT |
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Junctional epithelium attaches to enamel coronal to CEJ with _________ in microscopic gingivitis.
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hemidesmosomes
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What's the first manifestation of gingival inflammation?
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gingival bleeding on gentle probing
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Color of gingivitis: Acute, what color and duration?
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Red and rapid onset and SHORT duration
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Color of gingivitis: Chronic: what color and duration?
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Bluish red or purplish red and it's persistent with SLOW progression
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What is diastema?
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open contact betwee teeth
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Healthy Gingiva:
Firm and Resilient What are the changes in disease gingiva? |
soft, spongy, or fibrotic
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Healthy Gingiva:
Stippled What are the changes in disease gingiva? |
smooth and shinny
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How is gingival pocket formed?
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by coronal migration (swelling) of the gingival margin
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Do the junctional epithelium migrate apically?
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no, but it has histological changes are noted because formation of the rete-pegs
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What forms a smooth intact surface between adjacent teeth?
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alveolar crest
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what are 3 common causes of mucogingival conditions?
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1. gingival recession
2. mucogingival line is coronally and approches the gingival margin 3. attachment of frena close to the gingival margin |
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Tooth mobility:
What is the value of 0 means? |
no mobility
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Tooth mobility:
What is the value of 1 means? |
less than 1mm buccal-lingual
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Tooth mobility:
What is the value of 2 means? |
1mm or greater buccal-lingual
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Tooth mobility:
What is the value of 3 means? |
1mm or greater PLUS vertical
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In the oral cavity, there's more P.gingivalis at the _______
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subgingival
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There's more A. actinomycetemcomitans at the _________
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tongue lateral
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To what does the plaque biofilm attaches to the tooth surface?
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acquired pellicle
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What are the early colonizers?
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gram + cocci; Streptococcus
gram + rods; actinomyces |
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What are the later colonizers?
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gram negative bacteria
spirochetes |
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who clearly demonstrated that gingival inflammation consistently follows plaque build-up and removal of plaque reverse this process?
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The Loe et al (1965)
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What were the first brushes made of?
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hog bristle with bone and ivory
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Tooth brush is a modern version of _______________
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chewing stick called miswak
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What type of cleaning technique is the Bass technique?
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sulcular cleaning
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What are the active ingredients in Listerine?
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four essencial oils
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