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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Primary energy source
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One that occurs naturally; from weather or an energy resource found from nature (the ground- fossil fuels)
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Secondary energy
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Made from primary resources. Eg electricity is a secondary resource as it can be generated from different primary sources
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What do the IEA predict?
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That the world will need almost 60% more energy in 2030 than 2002
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Business as usual
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Predicts how the world's energy mix will look by 2030 if current trends continue. demand for fossil fuels will grow by 83%
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Alternative policies
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Projects that predict how the energy mix would look in 2030 if policies were put into place
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Non-renewable energy
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Energy that has been built up or evolved over time. Can be used once and can't be used without depleting the stock
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Renewable energy
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Sources have a natural rate of availability. Can be re-used
Split into critical and non-critical renewables |
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Critical renewables
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Sustainable energy resources from forests, plants, animal waste etc
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Non-critical renewables
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Everlasting resources such as tides, waves, solar power
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Sustainable development
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Development that meets needs of the present generations without compromising needs of future generations
Should preferably be renewable, non critical resources |
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An energy resource
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Any part of the environment that can be used to meet needs of humans
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Recoverable reserves
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Amounts of mineral likely to be extracted for comercial use
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Energy security
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Access to reliable and affordable sources of energy
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Country that is energy secure
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Russia, have lots of surplus supplies
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How can demand for energy change
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Rapid population growth
Economic development and wealth Technological change- jet engines developed |
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Current energy mix
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Natural gas- 38%
Oil- 35% Renewables- 2% |
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Geopolitics of energy
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Relationship between nations concerning energy resources and impacts of energy production
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What is OPEC
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A permanent, intergovernmental organisation by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela
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Energy security is vulnerable to
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Changes in supply
Energy supply relies on politically unstable areas Price changes- Japanese tsunami Suppliers vulnerable to demand change |
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Why petrol, gas, oil prices are increasing
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Weakening pound- crude oil traded in dollars, more expensive for british countries when pound falls
Rising price of oil High demand Cost of government policies and national grid update Fukushima accident (less confidence in nuclear power) 60% petrol is tax in UK Terrorism in Middle East North Sea gas running out Mexico oil spill 2011 |
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What is a TNC
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A company that operates in at least two countries. Many have centres of production in several countries, while headquarters and research in other parts of the world
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What BP does
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Exploration and production
Refining and marketing Gas, power and renewables |
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Flow diagram BP
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Technology to find oil and gas under earth surface
Oil or gas platforms to extract Then transported through pipelines or shipping Oil pipelines run along ground and moved by pumping stations Crude oil processed at refinary |
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Issues with BP
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Niger Delta, pollution and environmental damage
Violations of rights to health and healthy environment Oil pollution kills fish, damages their ability to reproduce Damage to agricultural land- damage to soil fertility, agricultural productivity |
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Geopolitics conflict case study
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Russia and Ukraine- Gas
Gazprom asked for $250 per 1,000 cubic metre of gas, Ukraine only offered $235, then Gazprom reverts to previous price $418 Demanded payment of $2bn and Naftogaz paid $1.5bn to cover debts, but dispputes its fines Russia cuts gas supply to Ukraine and demands that they owe $600m in fines |
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Geopolictics cooperation
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Norway and UK
Pipeline between Norway and UK will provide 20% of UKs peak gas demand £1.7bn project |
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Environment impacts of using fuels
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Sulphur dioxide=acid rain
Oil spills C02 Mining Deforestation HEP= reservoirs (floods land) Fuels will run out Air pollution- smog Transport= noise pollution, eye sore, possible health risks |
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Fracking
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A way of mining for hard to reach gas reservoirs
Gass is compressed in shale High pressure water and sand forced into gaps and this releases gas |
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Problems with fracking
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Can trigger earthquakes- earthquake of 2.3 during first fracking test in UK
Chemicals added to fracking could be released to water supplies and contaminate |
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Problems with renewables
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Makes national grid electricity unstable- most renewables aren't consistent
More costly in comparison to fossil fuels Future changes may mean higher demand Need a lot of space to produce and store renewable energy Some reasources only abundant in certain places- solar, wind |
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BEDZED
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Wallington, England
82 homes, 17 apartments built in 2000-2002 Within 5 minute walk to station Tramlink service 777m sq solar panels South facing Triple glazed, high thermal insulation Rain water collected and used Low impact materials Parking spaces limited Electrical power cut by 1/4 Mains water consumption 1/2 |
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Sustainable workplaces
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Eco towns- hanham hall, bristol
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Sustainable systems- Cubritiba, Brazil
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Low carbon homes- Woking
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Two countries contrasting approaches to energy supply
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