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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How are waves formed? |
Wind causes friction along the water |
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Name 2 factors that cause waves to increase in size. |
Speed of the wind Fetch (distance travelled) Length of time wind has been travelling |
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Which type of wave has a shorter fetch? |
Constructive |
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Which type of wave has weaker winds? |
Constructive |
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Which type of wave has higher energy? |
Destructive |
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In which type of wave is swash stronger than backwash? |
Constructive |
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Which type of wave has greater erosion? |
Destructive |
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Which type of wave is higher? |
Destructive |
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Which type of wave has a higher frequency (waves per minute)? |
Destructive |
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Which type of wave has a shorter wavelength? |
Destructive |
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What is hydraulic action? |
Erosion caused by the sheer force of water forcing air into cracks and holes in a cliff. |
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What is abrasion/corrasion? |
Erosion caused by the rubbing and scouring action of rock fragments carried by waves. |
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What is solution/corrosion? |
Erosion caused by saltwater dissolving rocks by chemical action. |
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What is attrition? |
Erosion caused when rock and pebbles transported by waves bump into each other and break up into smaller pieces. |
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What is mechanical/physical weathering? |
The disintegration (break-up of rocks). Where this happens, piles of rocks fragments called scree can be found at the foot of cliffs. |
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What is chemical weathering? |
Caused by chemical changes. Rainwater, which is slightly acidic, slowly dissolves certain types of rocks and minerals. |
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What is biological weathering? |
Due to the actions of flora and fauna. (Plant roots growing in plants and rocks, or rabbits burrowing into rock.) |
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Explain freeze-thaw action. |
Water collects in cracks of rocks, and expands as it freezes, causing cracks to widen and eventually rock fragments break off. |
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What is a rockfall? |
When fragments of rock break away from the cliff face, often due to freeze thaw action. |
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What is a landslide? |
Where blocks of rock slide downhill. |
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What is a mudflow? |
Saturated soil and weak rock flow down a slope. |
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What is a rotational slip? |
A slump of saturated soil and weak rock along a curved surface. |
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What is mass movement? |
The downward movement under the influence of gravity. |
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What is traction? |
When large items are rolled along the sea bed. |
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What is saltation? |
When medium items are bounced along the sea bed. |
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What is suspension? |
When small rocks are carried by the water. |
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What is solution? |
When tiny rocks and material are dissolved and carried within the water. |
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Name 5 causes of deposition. |
Loss of energy Shallow water (increases friction) Change in wind direction Objects which trap material (groynes, harbours) Increase in the load of material Where two bodies of water meet |
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Where do spits form? |
Where the coastline changes shape. |
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What conditions are needed to form sand dunes? |
Abundant supply of sand Object to trap the sand Wind to carry the sand A large tidal range A wide flat beach |
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Name the first stage of a sand dune. |
Embryo dune |
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Name the second stage of sand dunes. |
Fore dune |
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Name the third stage of sand dunes. |
Yellow dune |
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Name 5 reasons to protect the coastline. |
Reduce erosion to avoid land loss Save people's homes Save businesses therefore employment Fragile ecosystems Reduce coastal flooding Tourism to the coastline |
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What is hard engineering? |
Expensive methods of coastal management, generally made from concrete/rocks. |
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What is soft engineering? |
More sustainable methods and work better with the environment. Usually cheaper but have to be replaced often. |
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How do groynes work? |
Prevents material moving down the beach. |
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How does a sea wall work? |
Barrier against the sea, reflects waves back at the sea. |
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How do gabions work? |
Wire cages filled with rocks provides a buffer against the sea. |
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How does rock armour work? |
Piles of large boulders absorb wave energy. |
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How does cliff stabilisation work? |
Cliffs are terraced and drains installed to reduce amount of water absorbed. |
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How does dune regeneration work? |
Effective buffers to the sea. |
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How does beach nourishment work? |
Additional sand or shingle to make beach bigger or wider. |
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What is the process called where you let the coastline erode? |
Managed retreat/coastal realignment |
