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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Igneous Rock
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Most resistant
- granite (eg Lands End, Cornwall) - basalt |
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Sedimentary Rock
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Middle resistance
- sandstone - chalk - limestone |
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Weak sedimentary
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Least resistant
- shale - clay (Holderness, Yorkshire) |
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Types of erosion (rocks broken)
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Hydraulic action
Abrasion Attrition/corrasion Solution/corrosion |
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Factors
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1. Strength of wind
2. How long wind blows 3. The fetch (the length of water wind blows over) |
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Coastal land forms of erosion
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Wave cut notch/platform
Caves, arches, stacks and stumps (Flanborough Head, Holderness) Coves Headlands and bays |
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Discordant coastline
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Different layers of rock at right angles to the coast
EG- Lulworth Cove, holderness |
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Concordant coastline
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Rock type is the same along the whole of the coastline (parallel)
EG- Headlands and bays in Swanage Bay |
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Weaknesses in rock
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Joints (small natural cracks)
Faults (larger cracks caused by past tectonic movements) |
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Constructive waves vs destructive waves
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small vs large
long wavelength vs short wavelength Low amp vs high amp Strong swash vs strong backwash |
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LSD- movement of sediment along the coastline
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Swash (wind direction)
Backwash (gravity, at 90degrees) |
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Tombolo
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Spit grown out from the mainland and joined onto the island
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Bar
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A spit that grows across a bay joining up two mainlands
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Spit
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Blakeny point (north norfolk coastline)
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Factors affecting erosion rates
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Sea levels
- thermal expansion - melting icesheets Storms - global warming - high spring tides |
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Mechanical weathering
(factors affecting coastal retreat) |
The growth of salt crystals in the rock causing stress fractures
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Chemical weathering
(factors affecting coastal retreat) |
Weak rock dissolved by slightly acidic water
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Biological weathering
(factors affecting coastal retreat) |
Vegetation grows in cracks, forcing them apart
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Sub-aerial processes
(factors affecting coastal retreat) |
The disintegration of rock through weathering
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Rock fall
(factors affecting coastal retreat) |
Rock fragments fall by gravity and collect at the bast
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Slumping
(factors affecting coastal retreat) |
Erosion at the bottom of the cliff along with saturation from rainwater, causing the cliff to slip down
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Hard engineering
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High cost and ugly
eg.. Groynes Sea Wall Off shore reef Revetments |
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Soft engineering
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cheaper and less intrusive
eg.. rip rap beach replenishment cliff drainage planting vegetation managed retreat |
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Holistic approach
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Looking at the bigger picture and seeing how different approaches affect each other along the coastline
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Advance the line
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Move the coast further into the sea
Very very expensive |
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Hold the line
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Use defences to stop erosion and keep the coast as it is.
Expensive |
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Do nothing
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Sometimes its better to let nature take its course
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Strategic retreat
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Gradually let the coast erode and move people/businesses away
Pay them compensation |
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SMP- Shoreline Management Plans
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Coastal defense management planning
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ICZM- Integrated coastal zone management
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Holderness- Galleon park caravan site
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For and against Hard Engineering:
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Locals
Businesses Politicians Environmentalists Local taxpayers who don't live near the coast |
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Rapid coastal retreat case study-
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The Holderness Coast (Yorkshire)
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Conflicting views on coastal management
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Mapleton- groynes help save their part of the coast
Great Cowden- furthur along the coast gets no sediment |
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Mass movement
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Holbeck Hall, Scarborough
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