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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are mercenaries?
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Soldiers who sold their services to the highest bidder.
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What does salvation mean?
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Acceptance into heaven
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What is predestination?
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Idea that God has determined in advance who will be saved and who will be condemned.
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What is an indulgence?
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Release from all or part of the punishment for sin
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What does secular mean?
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Worldly
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What were the 3 main city states during the Italian Renaissance?
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Milan, Venice, Florence
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What family controlled Florence for many years?
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Medici
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What were the two most famous paintings by Leonardo Da Vinci?
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The Last Supper and Mona Lisa
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What city state linked Europe to Asia?
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Venice
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How did the war between France and Spain end for the control of Italy?
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Spanish mercenaries sacked Rome
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What is Masaccio most famous for? What type of paintings?
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Frescoes
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What did Christian humanists believe?
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If people read the classics, especially the basic works of Christianity, they would become more pious
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What was the first protestant faith?
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Lutheranism
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What was the name of Baldassare Castiglione’s book? What was it about?
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The Book of the Courtier, about characteristics of a perfect Renaissance noble
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What was Luther’s Ninety Five Theses mainly about?
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Selling of indulgences
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Catholics and Protestants believed what group of people to be dangerous radicals?
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Anabaptists were viewed as a dangerous cult because they believed in adult baptism
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What was the major theological difference Calvin had with Luther?
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Predestination
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What social class made up 85-90% of Renaissance Italy?
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Peasants
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What happened when the Treaty of Tordesillas was signed in 1494?
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Established a line of demarcation between territories controlled by Portugal and these controlled by Spain
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What did the Europeans call the Moluccas?
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Spice Islands
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What had Christopher Columbus believed he had discovered?
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A westward passage to Asia
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What was the name for the journey of slaves from Africa to America?
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The Middle Passage
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What became the dominant religion on the Southeast Asian mainland from 1500 to 1800?
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Buddhism
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Why is Vasco De Gama famous?
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Cape of Good Hope and route to India
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What did Bartholomew Dias do which made him famous?
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Cape of Good Hope
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What were the three motives for European exploration?
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God, glory, and gold.
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What country took the early lead in European exploration?
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Portugal
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Who explored the Hudson River Valley?
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John Cabot and Henry Hudson
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Who financed the journey for Christopher Columbus?
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Queen Isabella of Spain
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What is the native country of Christopher Columbus?
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Italy
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Who is famous for being the first to circumnavigate the world?
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Magellan
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Where was Magellan killed?
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Philippine Islands
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What were the “Moluccas” known as?
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Spice Islands
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Who was known as the “Most Catholic King”?
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Phillip II
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What is the divine right of kings that James I of England strongly believed in?
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The idea that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God.
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What group of people made up 7% of the entire French population?
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Huguenots
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What is the baroque style of painting known for?
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Known for its dramatic effects to arouse the emotions
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Who were the Puritans?
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Protestants in England inspired by John Calvin
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What did the Edict of Nantes do for France? What did it do for the Huguenots?
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Ended religious wars between French Catholics and Protestants. Also made Catholicism the official religion of France. It gave them (Huguenots) political rights.
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What did the Peace of Westphalia mean?
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German states could now determine their own religion
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What did the Thirty Years’ War do to the Holy Roman Empire?
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Ended the Holy Roman Empire
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What Russian leader wanted to bring Western technology back to Russia?
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Peter the Great
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Who is the author of Don Quixote?
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Michel De Cervantes
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Who wrote Two Treaties of Government?
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Locke
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Who wrote Leviathan?
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Hobbes
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Who believe governments would be better off with one absolute ruler?
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Hobbes
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Who believed people formed governments to protect their rights?
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Locke
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What was Louis XIV called by the people?
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Sun King
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What is Jean-Rousseau’s concept of a social contract?
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An entire society agrees to be governed by its general will
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To Voltaire, what was the universe like?
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Like a clock
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What did Copernicus believe was in the center of the universe?
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Sun
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In the Ptolemaic system, what was in the center of the universe?
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Earth
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What does laissez-faire mean?
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The state should not regulate the economy
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What did Andreas Vesalius dissect?
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Humans
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Who was one of the first to use a telescope to conduct regular observations?
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Galileo
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Who was the ancient Greek physician before Vesalius?
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Galen
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What is sir Francis Bacon known for?
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Scientific method
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Who was a strong advocate for the separation of powers?
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Montesquieu
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What were salons?
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Elegant drawing rooms
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Who was Napoleon defeated by in his final battle?
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Duke of Wellington
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Where was Napoleon defeated at?
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Waterloo in Belgium
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What did the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen proclaim?
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Equal rights for all men, but no political rights for women
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What was the most important of the seven legal codes established by Napoleon?
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The Civil Code
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Who was the brutal head of the Committee of Public Safety?
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Maximilien Robespierre
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Who were the bourgeoisie?
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Middle class
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What social class made up 85-90% of the French population?
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Peasants
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What did the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen do for France?
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Gave France liberty and recognized them as a republic united against the King and Queen
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What is the story behind the Tennis Court Oath?
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At the Estates General meeting the Third Estate was locked out. They then moved over to a tennis court and there pledged they would continue to meet until a new constitution was drafted.
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Why is the Fall of the Bastille significant?
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Started the French Revolution and where
they were going to get gunpowder. |
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What islands did Napoleon get exiled to?
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Elba and St.Helena
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What is a Captain of Industry?
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A term originally used to describe a business leader whose means amassing a personal fortune contributes positively to the country in some way.
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What is a Robber-Baron?
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A disparaging term used to describe a powerful 19th century businessman or banker who used questionable or unethical business practices to become powerful.
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What sparked the formation of the Confederate States of America the MOST?
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The election of Abraham Lincoln
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What was central to Darwin’s organic evolution?
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Natural selection
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What was realism and what did it reject?
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A literary and visual arts movement,rejected romanticism
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What is romanticism?
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Emphasized feelings and imagination as sources of
knowing |
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Why is the steam engine so important to the industrial revolution?
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Most important invention and was an evolutionary step in transportation.
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Why did Romanticism emerge?
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As a reaction to enlightenment ideas
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The Factory Act of 1833 limited the minimum working age to what?
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9
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Where was the Industrial Revolution born?
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Great Britain
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Who became known as the Central Powers?
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Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria,
and the Ottoman Empire |
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What was the Cheka notorious for?
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The Red Secret Police force
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What is total war?
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Complete mobilization of resources and people
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Mobilization of a nation’s army was considered what?
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An act of war
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What as militarism?
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Aggressive preparation for war
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The Western Front was characterized by what type of warfare?
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Trench warfare
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Who was leader of the Bolsheviks?
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Vladimir Lenin
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What caused the U.S. to enter WWI?
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Continuation of unrestricted submarine warfare
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What did the Treaty of Versailles do?
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Became a peace settlement that consisted of five separate treaties with the defeated nations. Article 231 blamed Germany.
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Who were the Soviets?
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Were councils composed of representatives from the
workers and soldiers |
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How far did the trenches stretch?
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500 miles from English channel to Swiss border
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What event started WW1?
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Assassination of the archduke Ferancis Ferdinand
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Who was our President, and what peace plan did he create?
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Woodrow Wilson, 14 points
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Who were the Big Three in both WWI and WWII?
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WWI: Great Britain, U.S., and France
WWII: Soviet Union, U.S., and Great Britain |
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What country allowed women to vote while the war was still raging?
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Great Britain
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What did the Treaty of Locarno guarantee?
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Germany’s new western borders with France and Belgium
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What was the purpose of Stalin’s Five Year Plan?
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Transform the USSR from agricultural into an industrial society
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What was the Kristallnacht?
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It was a destructive Nazi regime against the Jews
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What did the Enabling Act give Hitler the power to do?
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Ignore the constitution for four years
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Who was the propaganda minister for Nazi Germany?
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Joseph Goebbels
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What did the Dawes Plan do for Germany?
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Reduced Germany’s reparation payment debt and loaned them $200 million.
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What is the definition of a depression?
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Period of low economic activity and rising unemployment
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Why did Germans accept Hitler and the Nazis?
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They thought he would bring them out of their economic depression
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What were the “Nuremberg Laws”?
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Excluded Jews from German citizenship and forbade marriages between Jews and Germans
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What did Francisco Franco do?
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Led the Spanish military in a revolt against the democratic government
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John Maynard Keynes advocated the government do what to get out of the depression?
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Spend money (depression came not from overproduction but lack of demand)
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What was one of the first Nazi propaganda films?
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The Triumph of the Will
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What title did Hitler first hold which legally gave him power?
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Chancellor
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What was the turning point of the war in the Pacific?
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Battle of Midway Island
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What country did Hitler invade which made Britain and France declare war?
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Poland
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What happened on December 7, 1941?
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A surprise attack on Pearl Harbor
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What did the Nazis do when Einsatzgruppen seemed to be too slow?
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Concentration camps
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What was the Cold War?
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Period of political tension following WWII
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Why was the Battle of Stalingrad detrimental for the Germans?
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It was the first major defeat of the Germans
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What happened in the “Mukden Incident”?
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An attack on a Japanese railway by Japanese soldiers who disguised themselves as Chinese
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What was the holocaust?
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Slaughter of European civilians, particularly European
Jews (genocide), by the Nazis |
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What was Chamberlain’s famous quote?
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“Peace for our time”
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What area in northwestern Czechoslovakia did Hitler demand and was given?
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Sudetenland
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What did Japan do to address labor shortages?
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Brought in Chinese and Korean laborers
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What was decided at the Tehran Conference?
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Agreed to establish the United Nations and called for the unconditional surrender of the Japanese.
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What did Truman demand at the Potsdam Conference?
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Freely elected governments
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What was the policy of appeasement?
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Satisfy the unsatisfied in order to maintain peace
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What did the Allies agree to at the Yalta Conference?
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Confirmed the United Nations after the war and to Stalin’s military aide of Japan.
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What does “Anshluss” mean?
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Union with Austria
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What was Japan’s main reason for expansion?
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Natural Resources
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Who won the Battle of Britain?
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Allies (mainly British)
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What area did Japan initially control north of China?
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Manchuria
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What caused a serious split between the Soviet Union and the U.S. at the Yalta Conference?
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Free elections throughout Eastern Europe.
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