Cns Primer Section 2A - Minerals

Front 1

___________ is the primary mineral component ofskeletal tissues.

Back 1

CALCIUM

(about 99% of all body calcium is in the skeleton).

Front 2

Which macro mineral is involved regulation of:

- the release and storage ofneurotransmitters and hormones

-uptake and binding of amino acids

-absorption ofvitamin B12

-gastrin secretion

Back 2

CALCIUM

Which also:

-component of blood clotting

-participates in regulatory functions initiated by somehormones

-facilitates the transmission of nerve impulses and muscle contractions

-maycontribute to the regulation of blood pressure

Front 3

The bioavailability ofcalcium is increased by the concurrent ingestion of ( 6 possible answers)

Back 3

1. lactose

2. lysine

3. arginine

4. vitamin D

5. acidicbeverages

6. a light meal.

Front 4

Thebioavailability of calcium is reduced by concurrent ingestion of ______. (1 answer)

Back 4

cation- binding dietaryfibers

Front 5

Chronic ingestion of large amounts of dietary ______, _______ or _______ mayincrease the urinary excretion of calcium.

Back 5

protein

caffeine

sodium

Front 6

Good food sources of calcium include

Back 6

milk andother dairy products, cheese, shellfish, canned fish, soy milk, egg yolk, and sardines.

Front 7

In addition to its effect on nails and bones, Chronic calcium deficiency may be associated with ________ and ___________.

Back 7

brittle finger nails, depression, osteoporosis (in adults), and rickets (in children) and may be associated with the development of hypertension in calcium-sensitive individuals.

Front 8

Chronicdaily intakes of up to ____mg appear to be safe

Greater intakes may result in acute hypercalcemia or chronic hypercalciuria, deterioration of renal function, drowsiness, extremelethargy, or constipation.

Back 8

2500

sufficient intake to prevent loss of bone density alsomay reduce the risk for colon cancer.

Front 9

_______ is the main extracellular anion and a primary regulator of fluid and electrolyte acidbasebalance.

Back 9

Chlorine

Good food sources include processed foods containing added salt and tablesalt.

Front 10

__________ is a primary cause of hyperchloremia.

Back 10

Acute dehydration is a primary cause of hyperchloremia.

The normal serum range for chloride is 97 to 107 mEq/L; hyperchloremia can effect oxygen transport

Front 11

____________is a major mineralcomponent of bone and tooth architecture and is a required cofactor in over 300 enzyme reactions (such as reactions involved in glycolysis, thetricarboxylic acid cycle,the metabolism of cyclic AMP and contractile protein functions instriated muscle fibers)

Back 11

Magnesium

Front 12

Among its other functions, what micro mineral is involved in the following:

-stabilizing the structure of ATP

-enhancing calcium metabolism

-is vital to proper neuromuscular transmission

-acid-base balance

-parathyroid hormone function

-regulation ofheart beat

Back 12

Magnesium

Front 13

The bioavailability of magnesium is reduced by dietary fats, fiber and ________.

Back 13

calcium.

Front 14

_________ may be the most bioavailable source of supplemental magnesium, and the least prone to theinduction of bowel upset.

Back 14

Magnesium citrate

Front 15

Good food sources of magnesium include

Back 15

nuts, cocoa, whole grains, seeds, molasses, and cowpeas

*content of foods is reduced by the removal of the germ and outer layersof cereal grains.

Front 16

_____ and ________increase the urinary excretion of magnesium.

Back 16

Alcohol and caffeine

Front 17

Chronic _______ deficiency produces hyperparathyroidism andhyperthyroidism and enhances muscle irritability, irritation, disorientation, convulsions,psychotic behavior, nausea, cardiac arrhythmias, convulsions, tetany, muscle twitches andcramps and may complicate other diseases.

Back 17

magnesium

Front 18

Magnesium toxicity is rare except in individualswith ___________.

Daily intakes of 1000-5000 mg may have a cathartic effect; greater intakes can cause depression of the central nervous system, anesthesia and paralysis.

Back 18

kidney failure

Front 19

Large intakes ofmagnesium may be associated with the chronic ingestion of _________.

Back 19

magnesium- containing drugs such as antacids.

Front 20

Daily Magnesium intakes between ____ and ____ mg may improve insulin resistance,hypertension and bone mineral density.

Back 20

400 and 1000

Front 21

________ is involved in:

1. regulation of energy metabolism

2. provides large amounts ofbiochemical energy in the forms of high-energy intermediates (such as ATP, ADP, GTP, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate)

3. acts asthe major intracellular and circulating proton buffer

4. required for neurotransmission andneuromuscular transmission

5. is a major mineral component of bone and tooth structure

6. is amajor mineral component of membrane phospholipids

7. required for proper kidneyfunctioning.

Back 21

Phosphorus

Front 22

The bioavailability of phosphorus is reduced by concurrent ingestion of ______ or ________.

and is enhanced by concurrent ingestion of ________.

Back 22

reduced by aluminum or calcium

enhanced by vitamin D.

Front 23

________may increase the urinary excretion of inorganic phosphorus.

Back 23

Caffeine

Front 24

Good food sources of phosphorus include

Back 24

processedfoods and soft drinks, foods high in protein content, cereal products, and many food additives.

*The phosphorus content of foods is enhanced by most techniques of food processing.

Front 25

Name at least 4 effects possible in severechronic phosphorus deficiency

Back 25

hemolytic anemia

respiratory failure

proximal myopathy

anorexia

ataxia

coma

glucose intolerance

osteomalacia

multiple cardiac and renal dysfunction.

Front 26

Typically, no symptoms of phosphorus deficiency appear until plasmaphosphorus concentration falls below ____ mg/dl.

What are some possible early symptoms?

Back 26

1.0

Early symptoms of mild phosphorus deficiencyinclude irregular breathing, fatigue, numbness, weakness, weight changes, bone pain, andanorexia.

Front 27

Chronic ingestion of calcium andphosphorus in a ratio less than __:__ causes hyperphosphatemia and nutritional secondaryhyperparathyroidism.

Back 27

1:2

Front 28

Acute severe phosphorus excess may cause increased urinary excretion of _______,shortness of breadth, irregular heartbeat, seizures and coma.

Back 28

calcium

Front 29

_________ is the major intracellular cation electrolyte and a primary regulator of cellularosmotic pressure, cell membrane potential and charge, normal renal function and acid-basebalance.

Back 29

Potassium

Front 30

______ and ______ increase the urinary excretion of potassium.

Back 30

Caffeine and magnesium

Front 31

Good foodsources of potassium include

Back 31

vegetables, fruits, milk, meats, hard water, dried apricots,avocados, flounder, lima beans, and bananas

Potassium often is leached out of foods that areboiled for long periods.

Front 32

Chronic potassium deficiency is associated with:

Back 32

hypertension

impaired glucose tolerance

impaired protein anabolism

metabolic alkalosis

muscle weakness

confusion

respiratory distress

slow irregular heart beat.

Front 33

Acute ingestion of very largeamounts of potassium may produce (4 answers)

Back 33

acute heart failure

muscle fatigue

dysphasia

cognitive impairment.

Front 34

_____ is the major extracellular electrolyte and a primary regulator of extracellular fluidvolume, membrane potential of cells, active transport across cell membranes, acid-basebalance, body fluid osmolarity and acid-alkaline balance.

Back 34

Sodium

Front 35

__________ increases the urinaryexcretion of sodium and may cause a negative sodium balance.

Back 35

Caffeine

Front 36

Good food sources of sodiuminclude

Back 36

processed foods, table salt, meats, high protein food, sardines, bacon, and beans

Saltis added to most processed foods.

Front 37

Excessive intakes of sodium by sodium- sensitiveindividuals (approximately ___% of adults) may contribute to hypertension and the developmentof cardiovascular diseases.

Back 37

15

Front 38

How does Sulfur function/why is it important?

(3 general answers)

Back 38

1. integral part of glutathione, insulin, keratan and other glycosaminoglycans in skin, cartilage, and connective tissue

2. serves as a site for attachment and transfer of single- carbon methyl groups

3. is a component of many coenzymes.

Front 39

Good food sources of sulfur include

Back 39

beef, dried beans and peas, peanut butter and wheat germ.

Front 40

________ reduces the urinary excretion of calcium, increases the serum concentrations of estrogenand testosterone, forms complexes with organic compounds containing hydroxyl groups, isrequired for cell membrane function, and may contribute to the prevention of osteoporosis.

Back 40

Boron

Front 41

Good food sources of boron include

Back 41

meal, prunes, raisins, almonds, rose hips, peanutsand hazel nuts.

Front 42

Chronic boron deficiency may contribute to excessive urinary _______ loss andlow circulating concentrations of ________.

Back 42

calcium

sex hormones

Front 43

Chronic boron toxicity requires daily intakesof over ____ miiligrams and may produce dermatitis, diarrhea, nausea or vomiting

Back 43

4

Front 44

________ enhances the effect of insulin and may play a role in lipid metabolism.

Back 44

Chromium

Front 45

Thebioavailability of chromium is reduced by concurrent ingestion of_______.

Back 45

calcium carbonate.

Front 46

Dietary_____________ may increase the urinary excretion of chromium.

Back 46

carbohydrates

Front 47

Good food sources of chromiuminclude

Back 47

brewer’s yeast, grain, salmon and honey

Some chromium usually is leached out duringcooking.

Front 48

Acute chromium deficiency produces glucose intolerance and elevated ______ and __________.

Back 48

cholesterol and total triglycerides

*Chronic ingestion of extremely large amounts of chromium (up to 10,000 mcg/day) is without adverse effect.

Front 49

Chronic chromium deficiency produces ______, depressed growth rate and fatigue.

Back 49

aortic plagues

Front 50

_______ is an intrinsic part of the active site of vitamin B12 (hence the alternative name,________).

Back 50

Cobalt

Cobalamin

Front 51

__________(the activated form of Cobalt) is required for theconversion of

-methionine from homocysteine and

-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA.

Back 51

Adenosylcobalamin

Front 52

Goodfood sources of cobalt include

Back 52

meats and animal foods.

Front 53

Copper is a cofactor associated with a number of oxygenases and is required for the properfunctioning of many metalloenzymes, including _____ and _______.

Back 53

monoamine oxidase and tyrosinase

Front 54

As anintegral component of many proteins and enzymes, copper participates... can you name at least 6 of its 16 functions?

Back 54

1. iron metabolism anderythropoiesis

2. glucose metabolism

3. iron absorption

4. formation of bone marrow

5. pigmentation of hair, skin and eyes

6. wound healing and connective tissue repair

7. maintenance ofthe integrity of myelin

8. skeletal mineralization

9. thermal regulation

10. the oxidation of iron

11. synthesis and cross-linking of elastin and collagen

12. oxidative phosphorylation

13. melaninformation

14. myelin formation

15. glucose homeostasis

16. antioxidant protection

Front 55

Thebioavailability of copper is enhanced by

Back 55

amino acids, protein and other chelating agents

Front 56

The bioavailability of copper is reduced by

Back 56

fructose, alcoholic beverages, and zinc.

Front 57

Good food sources of copper include

Back 57

nuts,whole grains, legumes and liver meats

Front 58

Copper generally is non-toxic; daily intakes up to ____mg/kg of body weight areconsidered safe. In some individuals, intakes > ____ mg can produce nausea, vomiting orabdominal pain.

Back 58

0.5

> 10

Front 59

Chronic copper deficiency:

- _______immune function

- _________ serum total cholesterol

-impairs glucose tolerance

-inhibits _______ formation

-produces irregularities in heart beat

-_______tissue susceptibility to autooxidation.

Back 59

-decreases immune function

-increases serum total cholesterol

- impairs glucose tolerance

-inhibits newbone formation

-produces irregularities in heart beat

- increases tissue susceptibility to autooxidation.

Front 60

What mineral does the following:

-prevents anemia of pregnancy

-reduces the formation of acid in the mouth caused bycarbohydrates

-contributes hardening to tooth enamel

-contributes to stability of bone matrix

-required for growth and fertility.

Back 60

Fluorine

Front 61

Good food sources of fluorine include

Back 61

seafood, tea leaves,water in some areas, meats, poultry and whole grains

Front 62

Chronic fluorine _______ produces

-diminished tissue respiration

-inhibited glycolytic utilization of glucose by erythrocytes

-mottledteeth and skeletal deformations.

Back 62

toxicity

Front 63

Chronic deficiency of iodine produces _____. What symptoms may accompany this condition?

Back 63

1. hypothyroidism - with the associated symptoms of goiter, fatigue, low metabolism and weight gain.

Front 64

What mineral is essential to thyroid function?

Back 64

Iodine is an active component of thyroid hormones. Organically bound iodine is less wellabsorbed than are iodine salts.

Front 65

Good food sources of iodine include:

Back 65

marine fish and shellfish, iodized salt and mushrooms.

Front 66

Chronic dailyintakes greater than ____ mg inhibit thyroid function and produce bloody or tarry black stools,irregular heartbeat and mental confusion.

Back 66

1-2mg

Front 67

______ is the most abundant micromineral in the body and its most important role is to provide, asa component of hemoglobin and myoglobin, oxygen transport within blood and muscle.

Back 67

Iron

Front 68

True or False:

As anessential enzyme cofactor, iron also facilitates electron transfer during energy metabolism andparticipates in a number of oxidation/reduction reactions.

Back 68

True

Front 69

Among its other functions, _____ is necessary for catecholamine metabolism, neutrophilfunction, cell proliferation and immune defense.

Back 69

Iron

Front 70

The bioavailability of iron is increased by theconcurrent ingestion of vitamin ___, _______ and ______.

Back 70

vitamin C

dietary sugars

amino acids.

Front 71

The bioavailability of iron isreduced by concurrent ingestion of:

Back 71

concurrent ingestion of tea, cobalt, manganese or dietary fiber and by vitamin B6deficiency.

Front 72

What vitamin deficiency can reduce the bioavailability of iron?

Back 72

vitamin B6 deficiency.

Front 73

Good food sources of iron include

Back 73

legumes, meats, organs, and baked beans.

Significant amounts of iron leach into water used for cooking.

Front 74

Because iron storage capacity isrelatively large, acute iron deficiency is rare. In contrast, chronic iron deficiency is the mostcommon chronic nutrient deficiency in the world and produces: (7 answers)

Back 74

1.anemia and fatigue

2. bonydeformities

3. impaired immune function

4. headaches

5. shortness of breadth

6. increased urinaryexcretion of norepinephrine,

7. lusterless fingernails and toenails

Front 75

Fatal acute iron toxicity canoccur following the ingestion of 3 grams of ferrous sulfate by infants or________ mg/kg bodyweight by adults.

Back 75

200 to 250

Front 76

Chronic daily intakes of _______ mg probably are safe, but a proportion of thepopulation is susceptible to iron overload (_________) which may result in fatigue,headaches, dizziness, and cardiac, hepatic and pancreatic disease.

Back 76

25 to 75 mg

hemochromatosis

Front 77

Name this mineral:

-cofactor for a large number of enzymes, including pyruvatecarboxylase, acetyl CoA carboxylase and the enzymes of the tricarboxylic cycle, mitochondrialrespiratory chain and nucleic acid metabolism

-participates in bonemineralization and demineralization

-reproduction

-nerve cell function.

Back 77

Manganese

Front 78

Do the following enhance or reduce Manganese bioavailability?

concurrent ingestion of calcium, phosphorus, iron or cobalt

Back 78

Reduced by concurrent ingestion of calcium, phosphorus, iron or cobalt

it is enhanced by concurrent ingestion of histidine and citrate.

Front 79

Good food sources of manganeseinclude:

Back 79

whole grains and cereals, nuts, beans, egg yolks, and bananas.

Food preparation andprocessing have little effect on the manganese content of foods

Front 80

Manganese is relatively nontoxic with adverse effects at intakes greater than 10 mg/day.

What are some of the effects?

Back 80

-impaired iron metabolism

-anorexia

- insomnia

-muscle pain

Front 81

Chronic ____________deficiencyimpairs glucose tolerance and produces beta-cell granulation in the pancreas,hypocholesterolemia, impairment of lactation, fetal retardation, and skeletal deformities.

Back 81

manganese deficiency

Front 82

Name that mineral:

- required cofactor for the xanthine, aldehyde, and sulfite oxidases

-anelectron transfer agent in oxidation-reduction reactions.

Back 82

Molybdenum

Front 83

Good food sources of molybdenuminclude

Back 83

meats, cereals, peas and beans.

Front 84

True of False:

Chronic molybdenum deficiency may be associated withreduced life expectancy.

Back 84

TRUE!

Also:

-retarded weight gain

-impaired reproduction.

Front 85

Molybdenum isrelatively nontoxic, with daily intakes greater than 100 mg/kg required to produce symptoms of a______-like syndrome.

Back 85

gout-like

Front 86

Nickel enhances the use of ______

Back 86

iron.

Front 87

The bioavailability of nickel is reduced by the concurrentingestion of:

Back 87

milk and other dairy products

tea

ascorbic acid

coffee

orange juice.

Front 88

Chronic nickel ________ produces abnormalhepatocyte and mitochondrial structure, impaired hematopoiesis, and degeneration of heartmuscle, brain, lung, and kidney tissues.

Back 88

nickel toxicity - (daily intakes greater than 0.25 mg per gram of food)

Front 89

______ is a component of glutathione peroxidase and therefore participates in the detoxificationof peroxides and free radicals and reduces oxidized vitamin E.

Back 89

Selenium

also participates in

-metabolism of prostaglandins

-conversion of thyroxine t to triiodothyronine

-prevention ofoxidation of skeletal and heart muscle fibers.

Front 90

Concurrent ingestion of what vitamin enhances bioavailability of Selenium?

Back 90

vitamin C.

Front 91

Good food sources of selenium include

Back 91

grains, meat and tuna.

Front 92

hypercholesterolemia

pancreatic insufficiency

Keshandisease (cardiomyopathy)

Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

muscle discomfort or weakness

cataracts

These are signs of Selenium ________.

Back 92

Chronic selenium deficiency

Front 93

The therapeutic index for selenium is small; adverse effects (inhibition of mitosis, roughhair, hair loss, muscle discomfort, thickened fragile fingernails or loss of nails) may appear atintakes only _____ times requirements.

Back 93

3

Front 94

Silicon is a biological cross-linking agent in connective tissue associated with elastin andrequired for maximal bone prolylhydroxylase activity.

Good food sources of silicon include:

Back 94

most plant stems.

Front 95

Contaminationfrom cans and other food packaging are good food sources of ______. What does this mineral participate in?

Back 95

Tin is a component of the respiratory electron transport chain and can:

-interfere with porphyrin biosynthesis and

-enhance heme breakdown.

Front 96

Name that mineral:

-mimics the effects of insulin on adipocytes

-may be an enzyme cofactor

-may regulate the sodium/hydrogen ion transporter

-may stimulate osteoblast activity

Back 96

Vanadium

Acuteingestion of 4.5 mg or more may cause cramps and diarrhea.

Long term daily intakes of 10 mgmay produce sore eyes and bronchi or dermatitis.

Front 97

Name that mineral:

Cofactor for more than 200 metalloenzymes associated withcarbohydrate and energy metabolism, protein degradation and synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis,heme biosynthesis, CO2 transport, endocrine function, maintenance of skin integrity, cellmembrane structure, maintenance of taste acuity, growth, wound healing, sexual maturation andreproduction, dark adaptation and night vision, and host immunity.

Back 97

ZINC!

Front 98

Good food sources of zinc include

Back 98

meat, shellfish, wholegrains, cereals, legumes, root vegetables, eggs, and milk and other dairy products.

BUT - bioavailability of zinc isreduced by eggs, milk and other dairy products and cereals.

Up to 80% of zinc is removed fromwhole grains during processing.

Front 99

True or False:

Chronic zincdeficiency impairs immune function.

Back 99

TRUE:

-impairs cell-mediated immune function

-wound healing and memory

-producesacrodermatitis enteropathica

-loss of taste and smell acuity

-brittle nails

-skin lesions

-diarrhea

-anorexia

-growth failure

-sterility

Front 100

Habitual daily intakes of 100 to 300 mg for several weekscan impair immune response and after several months can produce a severe _____ deficiencyby interference with its absorption.

Back 100

Copper

Acute ingestion of over 2 g produces gastrointestinalirritation and vomiting; smaller acute doses may produce epigastric pain, diarrhea, nausea, orvomiting.

Front 101

Of beef, bacon, salmon, and broccoli, the food source with the greatest nutrientdensity (g per 100 Kcal) for fat is:

a. beef.

b. bacon.

c. salmon.

d. broccoli.

Back 101

b. bacon.

Front 102

The deficiency of which nutrient results in elevated levels of xanthurenate:

a. copper

b vitamin B2

c. vitamin B6

d. iron

Back 102

c. vitamin B6

Front 103

Among the following foods, the nutrient density of vitamin D is greatest in:

a. cheese.

b. salmon.

c. green leafy vegetables.

d. beef.

Back 103

b. salmon.

Front 104

Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed and then distributed throughout the body to cells via:

a. free fatty acids.

b. lipases.

c. lipoproteins.

d. lymphatics

Back 104

c. lipoproteins.

Front 105

Fluid balance is most significantly controlled by the minerals:

a. calcium and magnesium.

b. copper and zinc.

c. calcium and phosphorus.

d. sodium and potassium.

Back 105

d. sodium and potassium.