Cns Pathology Part 2

Front 1

What animals generally get focal compressive myelopathy from malformations?

Back 1

Dogs and horses-typically cervical

Front 2

What animal commonly gets disk disease? What region of the vertebral column is most commonly affected?

Back 2

Dogs
T3-L3

Front 3

How is degenerative myelopathy different from focal compressive myelopathy?

Back 3

Degenerate myelopathy=Diffuse process-affects all tracts
Focal compressive myelopathy has degeneration but is a localized lesion
-Clinically very similar

Front 4

How do dogs with German Shepherd myelopathy present? what should you first rule out?

Back 4

With pelvic limb signs even though it is a diffuse lesion
-Rule out disk disease first, but high suspicious in an aging GS dogs

Front 5

What part of the spinal cord is most often affected by focal compressive myelopathy?

Back 5

Cervical spinal cord

Front 6

What are the clinical signs of an animal with a neuroanatomic diagnosis of focal cervical spinal cord disease?

Back 6

All 4 limbs affected-tetraparesis/tetraplegia
-UMN-more prominent because they are on the outer part of the spinal cord

Front 7

Are clinical signs in animals with compressive myelopathy generally symmetric or asymmetric?

Back 7

Symmetric
-Can be some mild asymmetry if the spinal canal narrowing is due to an asymmetric lesion

Front 8

Why are clinical signs of cervical compressive myelopathy more severe in the pelvic limbs than in the thoracic limbs?

Back 8

Because the pelvic tracts are on the outer sides of the spinal cord so get affected first and worst

Front 9

What sites of spinal cord compression can result in both UMN and LMN gait deficits?

Back 9

Spinal rootlets-brachial plexus, pelvis plexus

Front 10

What type of degenerative process occurs above and below a focal site of spinal cord compression?

Back 10

Wallerian Degeneration-primary axonal degeneration with secondary demyelination

Front 11

What are the abnormalities you will see on a histopathology slide from a horse with cervical stenotic myelopathy?

Back 11

Swollen axons= spheroids, digestion chambers containing macrophages clearing axonal and myelin debris, reactive astrocytes

Front 12

What age group are most cervical stenotic myelopathy horses?

Back 12

Young growing horses (1-4 yo)

Front 13

What part of the spinal cord is most commonly affected by cervical stenotic myelopathy in horses?

Back 13

C5-C7 resulting in dorsal or dorsolateral narrowing of the vertebral canal

Front 14

What is the most common age of animals with cervical dynamic stenosis?

Back 14

8-18 months

Front 15

What is cervical dynamic stenosis? What region of the spinal cord is usually affected?

Back 15

Narrowing of the spinal cord during flexions of the neck-C3-C5

Front 16

Cervical stenotic myelopathy in younger animals is thought to reflect what?

Back 16

Abnormal bone/cartilage development similar to OCD in limb joints

Front 17

What part of the spinal cord is affected in canine wobblers?

Back 17

Caudal cervical area (C5-C7)
In bassets-C3

Front 18

What age of dogs usually are the canine wobblers?

Back 18

8 months -1 year of age

Front 19

What is the most common cause of focal spinal cord compression/compressive myelopathy in dogs?

Back 19

Ruptured intervertebral disk disease
Slips dorsally in dogs

Front 20

What region of the spinal cord does a ruptured intervertebral disk disease most often involve in dogs?

Back 20

Thoracolumbar: T3-L3

Front 21

What dog breeds are predisposed to a ruptured intervertebral disk disease and why?

Back 21

Dachshun, corgi's, Basset hounds
Chondrodystrophic breeds: nucleus pulposus gets replaced w/ cartilage

Front 22

How do you determine the prognosis of a ruptured intervertebral disk disease?

Back 22

if they feel deep pain they will often be okay

Front 23

What is ascending and descending myelomalacia?

Back 23

Traumatic injury to the spinal cord can cause stretching and tearing of blood vessels, within the gray matter resulting in a softening to semiliquefaction (myelomalacia) and hemorrhage of gray matter
-Really bad

Front 24

What clinical signs are seen with ascending or descending myelomalacia?

Back 24

Characterized by neurologic deficits consistent w/ a sudden onset of ascending or descending flaccid paralysis and sensory abnormalities

Front 25

What clinical signs will we see in an animal with a slipped intervertebral disk?

Back 25

Paraparesis/paraplegia in pelvic limbs
-UMN pelvic limbs
-Rapid onset

Front 26

Should a disk disease progress?

Back 26

No, should slip out and then stabilize; so have acute onset for a few days

Front 27

How does an animal's history and signalment help to differentiate malformation/malarticulation from intervertebral disk extrusion?

Back 27

Young (malformation) VS old (IVDD)
Chondrodystrophic VS large breed (malformation)
Limbs affected (UMN All 4-wobbler, UMN-pelvic-IVDD)
Slowly progressive (malformation) VS sudden (IVDD)

Front 28

What is the signalment and history going to be for an animal with a intervertebral disk disease?

Back 28

Older dog,T3-L3 affected so have spastic paraparesis of pelvic limbs, sudden onset

Front 29

What is the signalment and history of a dog with malformation/malarticulation?

Back 29

Young dog, Cervical--> spastic tetraparesis, slowly progressive

Front 30

What else can make space occupying lesions and cause focal compressive myelopathy in animals other than malformation and IVDD?

Back 30

Vertebral abscesses
Neoplasia

Front 31

What are often the clinical signs of myelination disorders?

Back 31

Tremors and/or spasticity

Front 32

What is the best known demyelinating disease in people?

Back 32

Multiple sclerosis

Front 33

What is it called when a tremor disorder is present at birth?

Back 33

Congenital tremor

Front 34

What are 2 terms often used to characterize the microscopic lesion of decreased myelin density?

Back 34

Hypomyelinogenesis/ dysmyelination

Front 35

What are 2 possible causes of hypomyelinogensis in pigs?

Back 35

Viral (BVD, hog cholera, border disease)
Congenital/inherited

Front 36

What are "Hairy shaker" lambs?

Back 36

Have dysmyelination caused by infection w/ border disease virus

Front 37

What are some possible outcomes in piglets and lambs with dysmyelination?

Back 37

1) Congenital CNS myelin defect
-Some will outgrow it and recover
2) If demyelinating-NO REPAIR

Front 38

What are some signs that dysmyelination can cause in neonatal animals aside from tremors?

Back 38

Depression, cerebellar ataxia, inability to stand, tetanic spasms when stimulated

Front 39

What is the coordination center of the brain?

Back 39

Cerebellum

Front 40

What are the clinical signs associated with cerebellar disease?

Back 40

Loss of menace
Truncal ataxia
Dysmetria (hyper- or hypometria)
Intention tremor (tremor when they try to move)
Drunken staggering gait (titubation)
Loss of conscious proprioception
Loss of balance

Front 41

What does hypoplasia mean?

Back 41

Lack of growth

Front 42

What does abiotrophy mean? What does it lead to?

Back 42

Refers to a lack of trophic factor necessary to maintain a cell's life
-Leads to selective cell death, kills Purkinje cells

Front 43

What cells degenerate with cerebellar abiotrophy?

Back 43

Purkinje cells

Front 44

What are the most common causes of cerebellar hypoplasia & abiotrophy?

Back 44

Parvovirus and pestivirus (BVDV) in utero, leading to a lack of formation

Front 45

What cerebellar disorder will always cause clinical signs from birth?

Back 45

Hypoplasia present at birth-developmental anomaly of growth sometimes can compensate and get a little better

Front 46

What cerebellar disorder will always cause clinical signs in the postnatal period?

Back 46

Abiotrophy, forms normally and degenerates

Front 47

What condition does abiotrophy of the cerebellum mimic?

Back 47

Storage diseases
-clinical signs: cerebellar, visual, spinal cord
-also, both have slow progression

Front 48

In what horse breeds is cerebellar abiotrophy inherited? mode of inheritance?

Back 48

Found almost exclusively in Arabian horses
-Autosomal recessive

Front 49

What in utero viral infections most commonly cause cerebellar disease in calves?

Back 49

BVDV

Front 50

What in utero viral infections most commonly cause cerebellar disease in kittens?

Back 50

Feline panleukopenia

Front 51

What in utero viral infections most commonly cause cerebellar disease in sheep & goats?

Back 51

Border disease virus (pesti)
Blue tongue

Front 52

What in utero viral infections most commonly cause cerebellar disease in pigs?

Back 52

Classical swine fever (AKA hog cholera)

Front 53

Why is the cerebellum often preferentially affected by in utero viral infections?

Back 53

Need or prefer dividing cells and the cerebellum develops later in gestation and is still dividing at birth (external granular layer)

Front 54

What are common clinical signs of viral encephalomyelitis?

Back 54

Signs of cerebral and UMN spinal cord dysfunction

Front 55

What are the 2 most likely routes of entry of viruses into the CNS?

Back 55

1) Hematogenous (leukocytic trafficking)
2) Retrograde axonal transport (up peripheral nerves)

Front 56

Is nonsuppurative inflammation typical of viral infections?

Back 56

Yes, usually form lymphoplasmocytic perivascular cuffs

Front 57

What is the body's immune response to a viral infections?

Back 57

Neutralizing antibody or kill the cells the infect

Front 58

What are the host and pathogen factors that can influence whether a viral encephalitis is fatal or not?

Back 58

1) Host immune response (age, nutritional status, other disorders)
2) Virus: virulence and persistence

Front 59

Compare the logistical factors related to care of animals recumbent due to viral encephalitis that affect the outcome in small animals, large animals and people?

Back 59

A lot easier to deal w/ a paralyzed small animal than a paralyzed large animal (have more complications when down)

Front 60

What are 4 common causes of viral CNS inflammation (encephalitis, myelitis) in horses?

Back 60

1) Equine herpes virus 1
2) EEE/WEE/ VEE-equine encephalomyelitis
3) WNV
4) Rabies

Front 61

What is different about the nature of the injury in EHV-1 vs most other viral diseases?

Back 61

Causes vascular injury

Front 62

What are common viral causes of CNS inflammation in dogs? (3) Which ones also infects ferrets, raccoons, lions and tigers?

Back 62

1) Canine distemper*
2) Rabies*
3) Old dog encephalitis

Front 63

What are 6 common viral causes of CNS inflammation in cattle?

Back 63

1) Rift valley fever
2) Bovine malignant catarrhal fever
3) Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
4) Blue tongue
5) BVDV
6) Rabies

Front 64

What are 2 common viral causes of CNS inflammation in goats?

Back 64

1) Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus
2) Rabies

Front 65

What are 5 common viral causes of CNS inflammation in pigs?

Back 65

1) Hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis
2) Enteritis induced porcine polioencephalomyelitis
3) Pseudorabies
4) Hog cholera
5) Rabies

Front 66

What are 3 common viral causes of CNS inflammation in birds?

Back 66

1) WNV
2) EEE
3) WEE

Front 67

What are 4 common viral causes of CNS inflammation in camelids?

Back 67

1) Rabies
2) EHV1
3) WNV
4) EEE

Front 68

What virus can cause neurologic disease in cats that may be associated w/ inflammatory lesions in other organs or can just be confined to the brain?

Back 68

FIP

Front 69

What is different about the type of inflammation associated w/ FIP as compared to other viral diseases?

Back 69

CNS form; there's an immune attack so its not just the virus and lymphocytes and plasmocytes there's more of an immune component where get vascular injury and then see neutrophils and macrophages (pyogranulomatous inflammation w/ vasculitis and tissue necrosis)

Front 70

What viral diseases of the CNS are associated with viral inclusions that allow for an etiologic diagnosis based on routine histopathology alone?

Back 70

1) Rabies-negri bodies
2) Canine distemper-viral inclusions

Front 71

What are the 4 best ancillary tests for definitive diagnosis of the cause of viral infection of the CNS?

Back 71

1) Viral isolation-requires fresh tissue
2) Viral PCR-most often fresh tissue
3) Fluorescent antibody testing-fresh tissue
4) IHC o fixed tissue sections

Front 72

Where are cases of equine protozoal encephalomyelitis infection seen?

Back 72

Only in horses in North and South America

Front 73

Where are the lesions present in animals with equine protozoal encephalomyelitis?

Back 73

Brain & spinal cord

Front 74

What is the causative agent of equine protozoal encephalomyelitis?

Back 74

Sarcocystis neurona-a protoza

Front 75

What type of response do we see to sarcocystic neurona in horses?

Back 75

Because protozoa are so small don't see the normal granulomatous response. Due to replication inside the cell we see some monocytic/macrophages response but not as major
-Mainly lymphoplasmocytic

Front 76

What is the most likely explanation for the lack of EPM occurrence in other parts of the world?

Back 76

No definitive host- opossum
No intermediate host-racoons, skunks, armadillos

Front 77

True or false. All horses with positive antibodies to EPM have the disease.

Back 77

False, many horses have positive antibody titers and never show disease- requires a stressor or immunosuppression?

Front 78

Is the distribution of EPM gross lesions asymmetric or symmetric?

Back 78

Asymmetric-create differing lesions all over the CNS, hard to localize

Front 79

What anatomic areas of the brain and spinal cord are most commonly affected by EPM?

Back 79

-Brain stem and cervical and lumbar areas of the spinal cord (motor neurons to pelvic limbs-lumbosacral enlargement)
-White & grey matter

Front 80

What is the typical signalment of a horse with EPM?

Back 80

Young adult horses, signs are dependent on area of CNS affected

Front 81

What are some clinical signs of EPM?

Back 81

Varies on area affected
-Depression, behavioral changes, seizures, gait abnormalities, ataxia, facial nerve paralysis, head tilt, paralysis of the tongue, urinary incontinence, dysphagia, denervation atrophy of the masseter and/or temporal muscles, denervation atrophy of the triceps and/or gluteal muscles.
SEVERE ATROPHY!

Front 82

There are many foamy macrophages clearing debris in areas of parenchymal necrosis on a histo of a horse w/ EPM, why is their presence not indicative of granulomatous inflammation?

Back 82

They are just cleaning up debris, causes a lymphoplasmocytic response

Front 83

True or false. EPM only affects the grey matter.

Back 83

False, affects both white and grey matter

Front 84

How do the gross and microscopic lesions of EPM relate to the typical clinical signs?

Back 84

Most typical clinical picture is pelvic limb and facial nerve associated

Front 85

Why is muscle atrophy a common finding of EPM?

Back 85

Damage to the neurons cause Wallerian degeneration and denervation atrophy

Front 86

How do the rate of onset, severity and asymmetric features of the muscle atrophy of EPM support a diagnosis of denervation atrophy?

Back 86

Asymmetric and rapid/severe, not other type of atrophy acts this way

Front 87

Many of the clinical signs and pathologic lesions of EPM resemble _______ in ruminants.

Back 87

Listeriosis

Front 88

What is needed for a positive diagnosis of EPM?

Back 88

Clean CSF tap-but many horses w/o signs have positive titers
-Best way to diagnose is neuro exam and rule out other causes

Front 89

What protozoa will cause CNS infections in cats?

Back 89

Toxoplasma

Front 90

What protozoa will cause CNS infections in dogs?

Back 90

Neospora caninum

Front 91

True or false. Tapeworm cysts can cause space occupying lesions in the brain, especially in ruminants.

Back 91

True, think of nasal bots in sheep

Front 92

What insect larvae can migrate into the CNS of sheep?

Back 92

Nasal bots-Oestrus ovis

Front 93

How can you know that a parasite is causing CNS damage grossly?

Back 93

Aberrant migration causes extensive parenchymal damage most often in a tract pattern reflecting migration

Front 94

What insect larvae can migrate into the CNS of cattle?

Back 94

Hypoderma bovis-warbles

Front 95

What nematode larvae most commonly migrate into the CNS of horses?

Back 95

Strongylus vulgaris

Front 96

Why is strongylus vulgaris migration into the CNS of horses a rare entity these days?

Back 96

Killed easily by Ivermectin

Front 97

What nematode larvae most commonly migrates into the CNS of dog?

Back 97

Baylisascaris procyonis (most common)
Dirofilaria

Front 98

What nematode larvae most commonly migrates into the CNS of camelids, sheep, and goats, but only in the area of white tailed deer??

Back 98

Parelaphostronglus tenius (meningeal worms)
-Can be in horses too

Front 99

What is meningitis?

Back 99

Inflammation of meninges
-Involvement of brain parenchyma can occur (meningoencephalitis)

Front 100

What can be grossly seen in some cases of severe meningitis?

Back 100

Meninges may be grossly visible thickened or discolored
-But in most cases inflammation is only detected microscopically

Front 101

What are the clinical signs of meningitis most often due to? What are the clinical signs of meningitis?

Back 101

Diffuse cerebral dysfunction
-Depression, seizures, and other cerebral-associated signs (from increased pressure, breaks down the BBB, edema)

Front 102

What happens to the meninges if meningitis will resolve?

Back 102

Some cases will only get some fibrosis and may not affect CNS function

Front 103

What are 4 potential routes of entry of bacteria into the CNS?

Back 103

1) Hematogenous- cel or non-cell associated
2) Retrograde-up nerve: Listeria monocytogenes
3) Through nasal mucosa
4) Direct extension (from nasal, sinus, ear canal, bone, penetrating wounds

Front 104

What type of cell typically responds to bacterial infection?

Back 104

Neutrophils

Front 105

What common bacterial infection of the CNS of cattle, sheep and goats is an exception to the rule and has a strong lymphoplasmacytic component to the inflammation and not neutrophils?

Back 105

Listeria monocytogenes

Front 106

Bacterial infection of the CNS (meningoencephalitis and meningitis) is most common in _____ ____ animals.

Back 106

Young farm animals

Front 107

What other organs/areas (other than CNS) are commonly infected in young farm animals?

Back 107

Joints w/ septicemia

Front 108

What are 3 common causes of meningitis/meningoencephalitis in calves?

Back 108

1) E. coli
2) Pasteurella/Mannheimia
3) Streptococcus spp.

Front 109

What are 4 common causes of meningitis/meningoencephalitis in foals?

Back 109

1) E. coli
2) Streptococcus spp.
3) Salmonella typhimurium
4) Other gram -'s

Front 110

What are 2 common causes of meningitis/meningoencephalitis in lambs?

Back 110

1) E. coli
2) Pasteurella/Mannheimia

Front 111

What are 4 common causes of meningitis/meningoencephalitis in pigs?

Back 111

1) E. coli
2) Haemophilus parasuis
3) Strep suis
4) Salmonella choleraesuis

Front 112

What fungal organism is also a cause of meningoencephalitis, pneumonia and nephritis in adult camelids?

Back 112

Cryptococcus

Front 113

True or false. Bacterial infections of the CNs are common in dogs and cats.

Back 113

False, uncommon in dogs and cats

Front 114

What are 3 ancillary tests for the definitive diagnosis of the cause of bacterial disease of the CNS?

Back 114

1) Bacterial culture
2) PCR
3) IHC on tissue sections

Front 115

What are 2 general categories of infecitous agents most likely to cause CNS infection in dogs & cats?

Back 115

1) Fungi (cryptococcus, blastomyces, coccidiodes)
2) Protozoa

Front 116

What are 2 non-bacterial and non-viral causes of CNS infections in dogs?

Back 116

1) Cryptococcus neoformans or gattii (worse)
2) Neospora caninum

Front 117

What are 2 non-bacterial and non-viral causes of CNS infections in cats?

Back 117

1) Cryptococcus neoformans or gatti (worse)
2) Toxoplasmosis

Front 118

CNS injury caused from the EHV-1 is related to what?

Back 118

Lack of blood supply (infarcts)

Front 119

What are the clinical signs most commonly related to EHV1?

Back 119

Mild upper respiratory infection or abortion
-A single point mutation in viral genome is associated w/ outbreaks of neurologic disease in horses

Front 120

True or false. Current vaccines protect against EHV1.

Back 120

true, but do not protect against sporadic neurologic EHV-1 or mutant neurotropic EHV-1 only against the respiratory disease

Front 121

What are the typical signs in a horse w/ EHV1 myelitis?

Back 121

Fever, depression, acute/subacute, onset of ataxia and paresis, abortion

Front 122

What is the duration and onset of EHV-1 like?

Back 122

Short duration of clinical signs
Rapid onset

Front 123

What causes sporadic neurologic EHV-1?

Back 123

Assumed mutant virus

Front 124

What are the signs of sporadic neurologic EHV-1? Mutant neurotropic EHV-1?

Back 124

Sporadic: Primary spinal cord disease w/ ataxia, frequent recumbency, bladder paralysis, -Can be relatively mild leading to recovery
Mutant neurotropic: same as above + encephalitis, often highly contagious and fatal

Front 125

What are the potential outcomes of a horse w/ EHV-1?

Back 125

Dependens on severity of clinical signs-most horses recover w/in days to months w/ good nursin; guarded; severely affected/ recumbent animals may die or euthanized
-10% mortality

Front 126

Why is myelopathy a better term for neurologic EHV-1 than myelitis?

Back 126

The actual insult is from vasculitis, hemorrhage and infarction-not inflammatory

Front 127

What cel type is infected by EHV-1?

Back 127

Endothelial cells-explains formation of tissue infarcts

Front 128

What is the term applied to CSF that is yellow? What does it indicate?

Back 128

Xanthochromia-indicative of previous hemorrhage

Front 129

What is a characteristic feature of EHV1 myelopathy?

Back 129

Xanthochromia

Front 130

What are common specific diseases associated w/ circulatory dysfunction resulting in ischemic injury to the brain or spinal cord of cats?

Back 130

Feline ischemic encephalopathy (Cuterebra)

Front 131

What are common specific diseases associated w/ circulatory dysfunction resulting in ischemic injury to the brain or spinal cord of dogs? (2)

Back 131

1) Ischemic myelopathy-spinal cord disease, UMN/LMN, rapid onset, can recover
2) Meningeal vasculitis ("Beagle Pain syndrome")-bleeding into the subdural space, alters blood supply

Front 132

What are common specific diseases associated w/ circulatory dysfunction resulting in ischemic injury to the brain or spinal cord of sheep? (1)

Back 132

Clostridium perfringens type D

Front 133

What are common specific diseases associated w/ circulatory dysfunction resulting in ischemic injury to the brain or spinal cord of pigs? (1)

Back 133

Edema disease (e.coli)

Front 134

What are common specific diseases associated w/ circulatory dysfunction resulting in ischemic injury to the brain or spinal cord of cattle?

Back 134

Histophilus somni
-Pneumonia, polyarthritis, myocarditis, abortion, meningoencephalitis
-Mural thrombi form local vascular injury
-Ataxic, head press, circling, appear blind

Front 135

What are common specific diseases associated w/ circulatory dysfunction resulting in ischemic injury to the brain or spinal cord of people?

Back 135

Strokes-cerebral vascular accidents

Front 136

How common are strokes in animals?

Back 136

Uncommon, animals don't get athrosclerosis very often
but older dogs w/ hypothyroid--> increases cholesterol

Front 137

What two major forms of prion proteins, one normal and one abnormal, are currently recognized?

Back 137

1) PrPc-normal
2) PrPsc-abnormal

Front 138

Why are prion disorders called spongiform encephalopathies?

Back 138

-No notable inflammation
-Grey matter: result of dilation of neuronal processes, but vacuolation of neuronal and astroglial perikarya, swelling of astrocyte processes, dilation of periaxonal space and splitting of myelin sheaths have been reported
-Results in vacuoles in neuronal cell body

Front 139

What is porencephaly?

Back 139

When actually get pores in the brain

Front 140

Why is diagnosis of prion disease on routine H & E stained sections very difficult?

Back 140

Vacuolization of CNS tissue is a common finding in poorly fixed or mishandled brains

Front 141

What are the 4 prion-associated disorders in people?

Back 141

1) Creutzfeldt-Jacob's disease
2) Kuru
3) Gerstmann-Straussler-Schneiker syndrome
4) Fatal familial insomnia

Front 142

What are the prion associated disorders in sheep?

Back 142

Scrapie-see rubbing and wasting

Front 143

What are the prion-associated disorders in cattle?

Back 143

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy-mad cow disease

Front 144

What are the prion-associated disorders in mink?

Back 144

Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy

Front 145

What are the prion-associated disorders in elk and deer?

Back 145

Chronic wasting disease

Front 146

Is the incubation period of prion diseases long or short?

Back 146

Long-slowly progressive, chronic disease

Front 147

How are prion diseases transmitted w/in species?

Back 147

Horizontal
Inherited mutation-vertical

Front 148

What is the proposed means of spread of prion diseases to other species?

Back 148

Infected feedstuff---> prions enter thru peyer's patches

Front 149

Where is the obex of the brain and why is it so important in testing for prion disease?

Back 149

Neuroinvasion occurs along afferent and efferent nerves after peripheral replication and the obex is the location of nuclei of the vagus nerve, which seems highly involved in neuroinvasions

Front 150

What is a grapefruit knife and how does it come in handy when obtaining samples for prion disease testing?

Back 150

Can take a brain sample w/o cutting open the skull or sending the whole brain
-Go through foramen magnum and cut up under the dura and try to get part of cerebellum

Front 151

True or false. Creutzfeldt-Jacob's disease is inactivated by formalin.

Back 151

False, not even inactivated by formalin!

Front 152

What is anopthalmia?

Back 152

No detectable development of an optic vesicle
-Rare

Front 153

Name the eye malformation....A miniature, disorganizesd globe in an orbit of normal size.

Back 153

Micropthalmia

Front 154

Name the eye malformation..... Failure of the primary optic vesicle to invaginate under the developing lens.

Back 154

Congenital cystic eye

Front 155

Name the eye malformation...... Single midline globe, occur almost always with major anomalies.

Back 155

Cyclopia

Front 156

Name the eye malformation..... Least severe at effecting the globe as a whole, defect in the closure of the optic fissure, usually closes in the last 3rd of gestation. Can lead to retrobulbar cysts.

Back 156

Coloboma-collie eye anomaly

Front 157

Name the eye malformation.... failure of the fetal ectoderm to undergo complete metaplasia-cornea remains as skin

Back 157

Dermoid

Front 158

Name the eye malformation..... most common in horses.

Back 158

Iris hypoplasia

Front 159

Name the eye malformation.... inadequate pigmentation of the retinal pigment epithelium and choroids

Back 159

Choridial hypoplasia

Front 160

Name the eye malformation... abnormal persistence of the perilenticular vascular tunic

Back 160

Persistent pupillary membrane

Front 161

Name the eye malformation.... Lens shape and size differences, don't seem to be that big of a deal compared to others

Back 161

Lens anomalies

Front 162

Name the eye malformation.... abnormal retinal differentiation, most often form viral infections in utero

Back 162

Retinal dysplasia

Front 163

What causes optic nerve hypoplasia?

Back 163

Vitamin A deficiency in calves

Front 164

Name the eye malformation.... Partial or complete absence of the eyelid or a notch like defect- localized corneal dessication and cutaneous metaplasia

Back 164

Eyelid agenesis and coloboma

Front 165

What is premature eyelid separation?

Back 165

Happens in animals born w/ eyes closed, can predispose to infections

Front 166

What is an eye entropion? Ectropion?

Back 166

Entropion: inward rolling of the eyelid-irritates the eye
Ectropion: Laxity and excessively long eyelid-outward gaping of the eyelid margin, no direct corneal irritation

Front 167

What are 3 eyelash malformations?

Back 167

1) Trichiasis
2) Distichiasis
3) Ectopic cilia

Front 168

What are conjunctival dermoids?

Back 168

Hair follicles and adnexal glands in the conjunctiva

Front 169

What is hedgehog?

Back 169

A signaling molecule that is involved in patterning. The underlying notochord helps pattern the overlying nervous tissue by sending the Hedgehog signal
-Responsible for telling the neuroepithelium to divide into two halves to form eyes

Front 170

How does cyclopamine affect the hedgehog signal?

Back 170

Affects the ability of cells to receive and interpret the Hedgehog signal

Front 171

True or false. The eye is actually an extension of the central nervous system.

Back 171

True

Front 172

What does hedgehog have to do with cyclopia due to ingestion of the plant Veratrum californicum in sheep?

Back 172

Cyclopamine blocks the Hedgehog signaling pathway causing the division of the midline to never happen and instead of having an eye field divided into two it just stays right in the middle--> cyclopia

Front 173

What breed has a high incidence of congenital ocular malformations?

Back 173

Collies

Front 174

What is collie eye anomaly?

Back 174

A congenital, inherited, bilateral eye disease of dogs involving the retina, choroid, and sclera.
Can be a mild disease or cause blindness

Front 175

What causes collie eye anomaly?

Back 175

Autosomal recessive gene defect

Front 176

What is the most common sign of collie eye anomaly?

Back 176

Presence of an area of underdeveloped choroid (appearing almost as a pale spot) lateral to the optic disc

Front 177

What is inflammation of the cornea called?

Back 177

Keratitis

Front 178

What is inflammation of the uveal tract-iris and ciliary body- called?

Back 178

Uveitis

Front 179

What is inflammation of the choroid called?

Back 179

Choroiditis

Front 180

What is inflammation of the retina called?

Back 180

Retinitis

Front 181

What is inflammation of the choroid and retina called?

Back 181

Chorioretinitis

Front 182

What is inflammation of most of the eye called?

Back 182

Panophthalmitis, ophthalamitis, endophthalamitis

Front 183

What is inflammation of the eyelid called?

Back 183

Blepharitis

Front 184

What is inflammation of the conjunctiva called?

Back 184

Conjunctivitis

Front 185

What are possible causes of corneal thickening, edema?

Back 185

Bacteria, fungal

Front 186

What causes the severe intraocular inflammation known as phacolytic uveitis and phacoclatic uveitis?

Back 186

Trauma that causes release of proteins that are highly antigenic and that overwhelm self-tolerance leading to immune mediated inflammation

Front 187

What structures of the eye most commonly develop neoplasia in animals?

Back 187

Iris, periorbital, conjunctiva, third eyelid

Front 188

What are common ocular and periocular tumors in cats?

Back 188

Melanoma of the iris
Squamous cell carcinoma of the eyelid
Lymphoma

Front 189

What are common ocular and periocular tumors in dogs? (2)

Back 189

1) Melanomas
2) Meibomian adenoma-sebaceous gland tumor of the eyelid, benign but cause secondary problems
-SCC not common in dogs

Front 190

What are common ocular and periocular tumors in cattle?

Back 190

Squamous cell carcinoma
Lymphoma

Front 191

What are common ocular and periocular tumors in horses? (4)

Back 191

1) SCC-conjunctiva or cornea
2) Sacroid, periocular
3) Lymphoma-eyelid, third eyelid
4) Melanoma, periocular

Front 192

How easily can an inner ear infection spread to the brain?

Back 192

Easily

Front 193

What system is abnormal in animals w/ a head tilt?

Back 193

Vestibular system

Front 194

What other clinical signs are associated w/ dysfunction of the vestibular system (other than a head tilt)?

Back 194

Facial nerve paralysis
Nystagmus
Ataxia
Circling

Front 195

What findings on a neurologic examination help to distinguish peripheral and central disease causing a head tilt?

Back 195

Peripheral: nystagmus: horizontal or rotary, quick phase away from the side of the lesion, ataxic but no postural deficits, circling, rolling, head tilt
Central: Nystagmus is usually vertical, direction change w/ head position, UMN ataxia, postural reaction deficits-ipsilateral

Front 196

What is a common cause of head tilt due to disease of the vestibular system in any species?

Back 196

Otitis media/interna

Front 197

What is a common cause of head tilt due to disease of the vestibular system in cats?

Back 197

Feline idiopathic vestibular disease

Front 198

What is a common cause of head tilt due to disease in the vestibular system in geriatric dogs? (2)

Back 198

1) Canine geriatric vestibular disease
2) Hypothyroidism

Front 199

What is a common cause of head tilt due to disease in the vestibular system in adult cattle, sheep & goats?

Back 199

Listeria monocytogenes

Front 200

What is a common cause of head tilt due to disease in the vestibular system in horses?

Back 200

EPM

Front 201

What CNS disease affects both the white matter and grey matter?

Back 201

Equine protozoal encephalomyelitis

Front 202

What form(s) of EHV-1 does the vaccine protect against?

Back 202

Only the respiratory disease, not the sporadic neurologic or mutant neurotropic EHV-1

Front 203

A sheep comes in with progressive wasting, pruritis, hair loss and ataxia, what's high on your differentials?

Back 203

Scrapie-prion disease