Cns Pathology

Front 1

What derives from neural crest cell?

Back 1

Melanocytes

Front 2

Where is melanin and dopamine made?

Back 2

Substantia Nigra. if you don't have this you can get Parkinson's disease.

Melanin and Dopamine have the same precursor molecule

Front 3

15 days after fertilization you get?

18 days after fertilization you get?

20 days?

22 days?

Back 3

Notocord

Neural Plate

Neural Groove

Nerual Tube

Front 4

If caudal part doesn't close properly?

Back 4

Spinabifida

or

menyelomeniogocele (you can still live with these)

Front 5

if rostral part doesn't close properly?

Back 5

Anencephaly *this is fatal

Front 6

What period is our most active growing period of the brain?

Back 6

9 weeks!!!!! is the border between embryo and fetal period

Front 7

Hemotoxylin stains?

Eosin stains?

Back 7

Hematoxylin is basic so it stains acid (the nucleus)

Eosin is acidic so it stains basic (the cytoplasm)

Front 8

what do stem cells stain?

Back 8

Hematoxylin (they don't have proteins yet so they stain blue/purple)

Front 9

Germinal ceneter is what

Back 9

where all the cells of the brain come from.

the center is very susceptible to hypoxia (It can cause spontaneous abortion)

Front 10

failure of the cerebral hemispheres to seperate

"one brain"

-can be associated with maternal diabetes

-can also present with cyclopia (one eye)

Back 10

Holoprosenecephaly

Front 11

Cyclopia

Back 11

two eyes didn't separate, this is a fatal condition

Front 12

what time does cyclopia and holoprosencephly occur at?

Back 12

Week 24

Front 13

How much does a fully developed ADULT brain weight?

Back 13

1300 to 1400 grams

(2% of body weight)

Front 14

Babies brain will not have what?

Back 14

grey matter, bc we don't have myelin yet.

Front 15

Primary motor cortex aka?

Back 15

precental gyrus

Front 16

primary sensory cortex aka?

Back 16

postcentral gyrus

Front 17

who made the homunculus?

Back 17

Wilder Penfield

Front 18

what requires a lot of cortex to move?

Back 18

mouth, and hand

Front 19

what is very sensitive?

Back 19

lips

Front 20

motor that directs and coordinates muscles during speech

Back 20

Broca's Area

Front 21

transformation of auditory output into meaningful information

Back 21

Wernickes area

Front 22

this combines sensory input to translate visual patterns fo latters and words into meaningful info (ie reading a book and getting a meaning from it)

Back 22

Angular Gyrus

Front 23

disease where you don't have caudate?

Back 23

Huntington's Disease

Front 24

this is made of the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, pineal body and habenula

Back 24

diencephalon

Front 25

this controls emotion, fear, sex drive, hunger,

*all things to do with survival

*connection between old brain and cortex (new brain)

Back 25

Limbic System

Front 26

subdividion of basal ganglia

emotional experiences and stereotypes behavior patterns

*bilateral ablation of this can results in .....

Back 26

Amydala

*Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

Front 27

memory, Alzheimers affects this, don't have short term memory

Back 27

Hipocampus

Front 28

3 important nerves to us as dentist

Back 28

CN 7: Facial

CN 9: Glossopharyngeal

CN 12: Hypoglossal

Front 29

mixed sensory nerve, does taste for anterior 2/3rd of tongue

Back 29

Facial

Front 30

mixed nerve, taste to posterior 1/3 of tongue

and motor to innervate Parotid gland

Back 30

Glossopharyngeal

Front 31

motor muscle of the tongue

Back 31

Hypoglossal

Front 32

in CNS, function recovery of neurons is limited

Back 32

in PSN, you can get full functional recovery (axons do regenerate)

Front 33

4 types of brain herniation:

Back 33

1 Subfalcine(cingulate) - not that bad

2. Transstentorial (uncal)- bad

3. Tosilar (foramen magnum) - bad

4. Extracranial--surgeoncan cut a little flap to get out some pressure

Front 34

Uncal herniation is really bad why?

Back 34

it pushes on the midbrain

Front 35

Duret Hemorhages

Back 35

another cause of death in brain injury

Front 36

cells of the CNS

Back 36

Neurons

Glial cells-> astrocytes & oligodendrocytes

Microglia cells

Other cells: Ependymal Cells & Choroid Plexus

Front 37

Nissl Bodies/SUbstane

Back 37

found in neurons

they are Endoplasmic Reticulum and mitochondia

Front 38

the one neurotransmitterthat doe excitatory and inhibitory effects?

Back 38

Acetylncholine

Front 39

What indicates a neuron has died?

Back 39

eosinopilic necrosis (they become very red)

or

apoptosis

Front 40

What is a progressive but possibly reversible neuronal reaction to injury?

Back 40

Chromatolysis

Front 41

what diseas is associated with neurofibrillary triangles?

Back 41

Alzheimers

Front 42

What is the most common cell in the brain?

Back 42

ASTROCYTES *******

(not neurons)

Front 43

Function of astrocytes?

Back 43

*blood/brain barrier- main function

also

-they filter all the materials that neurons nee (lke proteins, glucose, etc)

Front 44

Function of oligodendrocytes?

Back 44

produce myelin

Front 45

Schwann cells?

Back 45

oligodendrocyte of the PNS

Front 46

what makes up 20% of glial cells?

BUT THEY COME FROM MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS(bone marrow)

Back 46

Microglial cells

Front 47

Functions of microglil cells?

Back 47

phagocytosis, cytotoxicity, antigen presentation, etc.

*they try to get rid of pathogens

Front 48

Routes of infection of the CNS:

Back 48

-Hematogenous spread- arterial-most common

-Direct implantation- post trauma

-Local extension- infected sinus, tooth

-Peripheral nerves - ex, viruses like rabies and HerpesZoster

Front 49

Local Extension is what we should worry about as dentists.........

Back 49

abscesses in mouth can cause meningiti

Front 50

Types of CNS Infection

Back 50

Bacterial

Fungal

Viral

Parasites

Front 51

Meningitis and Abscesses are what?

Back 51

Bacerial

Front 52

Vasculitis and Venous Infarcts are ?

Back 52

Fungal (fungi love veins because low oxygen!!!)

Front 53

Encephalitisis ??

Back 53

Viral

Front 54

Brain Parenchyma is?

Back 54

Parasites

Front 55

Bacterial Meningitis:

Back 55

red, dilated vessels, lots of yellow pus

affecs the DORSAL SURFACE

Front 56

what affects the ventral surface?

Back 56

hard and fibrous and granulomatous

TB!!!!!!

only bacterial infection that affects base of brain

Front 57

Parenchymal infections are due to?

Back 57

Abscesses!!!!!!

heart or lungs or post-tooth extraction!!!!!!!

Front 58

where does bacterial meningitis come from?

Back 58

Heart and oral cavity!

Front 59

Fungal Disease are seen in which group?

Back 59

immunocomprimised

Front 60

3 patterns of fungal infection of the CNS:

Back 60

Chronic meningitis

Vasculitis

Vascular thrombosis--> hemorrhagic infarcts

Front 61

4 Fungal infections:

1. hemmorages in white matter only, filamentous, in HIV+

Back 61

Candidiasis

Front 62

2. associated with a preceeding LUNG infection

brain is bluish/green, filamentous

they completely surround a vein

Back 62

Aspergillosis

Front 63

3. Sinuses an Periobitaland Nasal Necrosis

in Diabetic Person, filamentous, loves veins, travel thru optic nerve

Back 63

Mucormycosis

Front 64

4. most common fungal CNS infection

in AIDS patents,

IN BASAL GANGLIA

mucous-y

cystic lesions

Back 64

CRYPTCOCCOSIS

Front 65

Parenchymal Viral Infections

Back 65

viral encephalitis, associated with meningeal inflammation,

you get lymphocytes and arteries and microgial cell

Front 66

Perivascular "cuffs"

Back 66

inflammation of lymphocytes and macrophages

in Parenchymal infection of the CNS

--> if you see microglial nodule= its viral infection

Front 67

Microglial Nodule

Back 67

indigenous immune cells of the brain

that form clusters

in parenchymal viral infections

Front 68

2 things that are specific in inclusion bodes:

Back 68

1. Inclusion Bodies (large nucleus)

&

2.Microglial Nodules

Front 69

Inclusion bodies can be seen in which specific viral infections:

Back 69

cytomegalovirus (CMV)

MEGA=inlusion bodies= LARGE NUCLEUS!

Front 70

If you see Negri bodies its..........

Back 70

Rabies!!!!!!!

you can get it from rabid dog, bites by raccoon, bat

Front 71

Cowdry inclusion bodies are intranuclear inclusion in astrocytes seen in which viral disease?

Back 71

Herpes Simplex-1 90% encephalitis

--> seizures, headache lethargy, convulsion, *BEHAVORAL disturbances

--> homeless person masturbating on the streets (bc it affects the limbic system)

Front 72

Parasitic infection that affects AIDS patients

Massive necrotic lesion in basal ganglia

-Ring enhancing lesions***

w/ adults- they die

w/children they survive

Back 72

Toxoplamosis

Front 73

This is a BAD amoeboid infection, affects everywhere in the brain!

In still/warm water and ponds.

Back 73

Naegleria fowleri

Front 74

another amebic infection?

Back 74

Acanthamoeaba

Front 75

another parasite, larva sage can get into brain, its a tapeworm, you have hundreds of them in brain

--> makes multiple cysts

"swiss cheese brain"

Back 75

Cystocercosis

Front 76

Brain is only 2% of Body weight but needs _______% of cardiac output and ______% of oxygen.

CNS has high energy expendiure

Back 76

20 CO

15 oxygen

Front 77

what causes intercerebral hemorrhage?

Back 77

HYPERTENSON!!!!!!!

Front 78

what is most common place affected by INTERCEREBRA HEMORRHAGE DUE TO HYPERTENSION??

Back 78

basal ganglia!! 90% located here.

Front 79

2 types of aneurysms:

Back 79

Saccular--> these break and cause massive hemorrhages that are FATAL

Fusiform--> in vertebral arteries, does not break

Front 80

primary cause of ischemia/infarct?

Back 80

thrombosis

Front 81

second cause of ischemia/infarct?

Back 81

embolism (fro heart valves and pumps)

Front 82

What is a big factor for venous infarct???

Back 82

POST-PARTUM!!!!!!! (bc hypercoagulability, or hyperviscosity)

Front 83

Disease that affect CEREBRAL CORTEX:

Back 83

Alzheimers Disease

Front 84

Disease that affects basal ganglia and brainstem:

Back 84

Parkinson's and Huntingtons

Front 85

Diseases that affect Spino-cerebellar dengenerations:

Back 85

Friedreich's ataxis

Front 86

Diseases affecting motor neurons:

Back 86

ALS

Front 87

the brain looses mass and tried to compensate by enlarging the ventricles

ulci are deeper and wider and much thinner

called Hydrocelphalus ex vacuo!

Back 87

Alzheimers Disease (affects cerebral cortex)

Front 88

Neuritic (senile) Plaques and Neurofirbillary Tangle:

Back 88

Alzheimers

Front 89

Treatment for Alzheimer:

Back 89

No

Front 90

Caudate is gone?

Back 90

Huntington's Disease

Front 91

Genetic, bad chromosome 4, caudate (does movement), is gone

Back 91

Huntington's Disease

Front 92

Are there many types of brain tumors????

Back 92

YES MANY MANY MANY!!!!!!!

Front 93

Where are 80% of brain tumors located?

Back 93

Supratentorial (usually in adults)

Front 94

Where are 20% located?

Back 94

Posterior Fossa (Infratentorial) (usually in children)

Front 95

in adults, 70% of tumors are ----------------?

Back 95

Supratentorial

Front 96

in children, 70% are in --------------?

Back 96

posterior fossa

Front 97

where are the most tumors of brain located?

Back 97

ASTROCYTES!!!

Front 98

what is a hallmark of astrocytes?

Back 98

Fibrullary background--> spider web background!

Front 99

Diffuse Astrocytoma

Back 99

benign

Front 100

Anaplastic Gliomas

Back 100

malignant

Front 101

What is the most aggressive tumor there is?

Back 101

Glioblastoma multiforme!!!!!!!!!

even with treatment you won't survive more tha 6 months.

This is bad, necrosis, fryable.

Front 102

when a tumor grows very rapidly --> if produces BGF (blood vessel growing factor).

Back 102

supplies oxygen and nutrients

Front 103

Glioblasoma de novo:

Back 103

when a tumor was born a glioblastoma.

Front 104

Secondary glioblastoma

Back 104

it was born a low grade astrocytoma, and progressed.

Front 105

Fried Egg Appearence

Back 105

Oligodendrocytes

Front 106

Tumor of neuro-precursor cells!!!!!!! (embryonic cells of the neurons)

Back 106

Meduloblastomas!!!!!

Front 107

Rossettes!!!!!!1

Back 107

Ependmoma (tumors of the epidermal cellsthat line the venticles)

Front 108

Are tumors of the meningies benign?

Back 108

yes!

Front 109

Shwanoma

Back 109

Tumor of the Schwann cell!

Front 110

Eye is yellow, brain starts growing a lot!

Ashkenazie Jews

Brain in huge! normal cerebellum

Back 110

Tay-Sachs Diseae
no cure for this.