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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Primary Braun Tumors Clinical Manifestations |
Increased intracranial pressure symptoms Headache (common) Nausea and vomiting mental clouding loss of consciousness and cognition behavioral changes (personality change) |
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Gliomas |
Most prevalent of primary brain tumors Group of cells that support, insulate and metabolically assist the neurons Types: Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Ependymal cells, medulloblastomas |
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Astrocytes |
Provide nutrition for the neuron |
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Oligodendrocytes |
Myelin sheath |
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Ependymal cells |
line ventricles |
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Medulloblastomas |
tumors of the vermis |
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Astrocytomas Grade 1 & 2 |
Grade 1: slow growing, well differentiated astrocytoma, may become large Grade 2: diffuse, infiltrative, more anaplastic Adults: appears in 40s and 50s, commonly in the frontal lobe Initial symptoms include focal headache that becomes more generalized as ICP increases |
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Astrocytomas Grade 3 & 4 |
More common in adults than the low-grade astrocytomas Grade 3: knows as anaplastic astrocytoma Grade 4: known as glioblastoma multiforme Both are diffusley infiltrative Typically involves white matter but can also occur in grey matter or other areas (parenchyma) Most arise in frontal and temporal lobes Crosses corpus callosum Rapidly growing and aggressive May present with unilateral headache prognosis grim, highly recurrent |
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Oligodentroglioma |
Slow-growing calcified tumor frontal lobes seizures chronic headache May have stroke-like symptoms prognosis is 83-100% for 5 year survival rate recurrance |
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Ependymoma |
Common in the fourth ventricle detected early because of signs and symptoms of ICP increase more prevalent in children prognosis is improving 5-year survival rate > 80% |
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Meduloblastoma |
Rapidly growing malignant tumor cell of origin is unknown metastasizes to the surface of the CNS Often develops in the vermis Tends to metastasize through the CSF to the spine prognosis has improved |
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Meningioma |
slow-growing benign occur most commonly along the dural folds and cerebral convexities originate in the arachnoid layer more common in later years of life affect women more than men prognosis is good with appropriate treatment most common non-malignant tumor |
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Pituitary adenomas |
benign usually occur in middle-age or older people hormonal changes (acromegaly) hypopituitarism (cushing's) prognosis is very good, cure expected |
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Neurinomas |
Slow-growing develop on the 8th cranial nerve occurs mainly in the 40s to 60s clinical manifestations: unilateral hearing loss, tennitus, vertigo, unsteadiness, facial numbness & weakness (Acustic neuroma) |
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Primary CNS lymphoma |
non-hodgkin's lymphoma occurs in the absence of lymphoma signs and symptoms evolve over several months -increased ICP -generalized seizures prognosis is poor |
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Medical management of tumors: surgery |
Excision most important form of initial therapy reduces tumor load quickly and relieves ICP goal is total excision while minimizing trauma to vital neural structures complications: hemorrhage, infection, seizures, hydrocephalus |
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Medical Management of tumors: Radiation |
effective most malignant brain tumors following surgery new techniques - gamma knife |
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Chemotherapy |
Can be used alone or in combination with other therapies addition of chemo to surgery and irradiation has been proven to increase survival rates Nausea, vomiting, wt loss, hair loss |
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Primary Intraspinal Tumors |
Intradural-intramedullary - unlocalized deep burning pain intradural-extramadullary - Knife like pain extradural-extramedullary - knife like pain clinical manifestations: sponaneous pain, deep burning pain in spine, motor weakness and wasting of muscles |
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Metastatic Tumors |
Reach brain through the arterial system most arise in the distribution area of the middle cerebral artery most lesions are located in the parietal or frontal lobes |
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most common cancers resulting in metastasis to the brain are |
lung cancer breast cancer kidney cancer gastrointestinal tract cancer melanoma |
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Clinical manifestations of brain metastasis |
headache seizures elevated ICP symptoms may progress rapidly |
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medical management |
MRI corticosteroids surgical excision irradiation steroids may be used to control symptoms of peritumoral swelling |
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Clinical manifestations of spinal metastasis |
back pain is most common symptom pain progress to weakness, sensory loss, and bowel and bladder sphincter disturbance medical management: imaging studies, radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy |
