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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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attention-deficit disorder (ADD)
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms usually occur before age 7 and neurologic basis of both is as yet unknown |
ADD- easily distractible, have short attention spans, and may shift from one uncompleted task to another
ADHD- same as above but also fidgety, have difficulty remaining seated and waiting their turn, engage in excessive talking, and commonly interrupt others. |
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alexia
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loss of the ability to read
may result from a lesion in the visual association cortex |
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dyslexia
3x more common in males than females and as many as 10% of US males suffer from dyslexia |
a defect in which the reading level is below that expected on the basis of one's overall intelligence; symptoms vary and include the transposition of letters in a word, confusion between letters b & d, lack of orientation in 3D space; apparenty results from abnormal brain development
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concussion
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a blow to the head, producing momentary loss of consciousness without immediate detectable damage to the brain
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postconcussion syndrome
in some cases will occur shortly after a concussion symptoms range from a month to a year |
includes muscle tension or migraine headaches, reduced alcohol tolerance, difficulty learning new things, reduction in creativity & motivation, fatigue, & personality changes; can be result of a slowly occurring subdural hematoma - blood may build up from small leaks in the dural sinuses
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migraine headaches
80% of sufferers have a family history women affected 4x more often than men |
occur in only 1 side of the head & appear to involve the abnormal dilation & constricton of blood vessels; often start w/ distorted vision, shooting spots, & blind spots; severity & frequency usually decrease w/ age
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tension headaches
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extracranial muscle tension, stress headaches, consisting of a dull steady pain in the forehead, temples, & neck or throughout the head; associated w/ stress, fatigue, & posture
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extracranial headaches
(1 of 2 classes of headaches) |
can be caused by inflammation of the sinuses, dental irritations, tmj disorders, ophthalmologic disorders, & tension in the muscles moving the head & neck
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intracranial headaches
(the other basic class of headaches) |
may result from inflammation of the brain or meninges, vascular problems, mechanical damage, or tumors
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depression: medical status is still uncertain..
is it a disease state caused by chemical excess or deficiency, or is it a psychologic condition that one can snap out of? |
probably both types exist->
depression is a complex, multifaceted group of disorders |
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5 types of antidepressants used to treat some types of "endogenous" depression
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tricyclic antidepressants,
nontricyclic compounds, MAO inhibitors, serotonin agonists, lithium |
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epilepsy-depression-vagus nerve connection
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many people w/ depression also have epilepsy; recent research where "pacemaker-like" stimulation of the vagus nerve to treat epilepsy has shown some promise in treating depression that's nonresponsive to drugs
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Reyes syndrome
linked to aspirin + viral infection in US; predisposing disorder in fat metabolism may also be present in some cases |
in children affected, the brain cells swell, & the liver & kidneys accumulate fat; symptoms: vomiting, lethargy, & loss of consciousness & may progress to coma & death or to permanent brain damage
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rabies
viral disease transmitted by the bite of an infected mammal via saliva |
infects the brain, salivary glands, muscles, & connective tissue; results in abnormal excitability, aggression, & in later stages paralysis & death; pharyngeal spasms from swallowing or the thought of swallowing results in hydrophobia
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tabes dorsalis
tabes- "wasting away" dorsalis refers to dorsal degeneration (roots & columns of spinal cord) |
progressive disorder occurring as a result of untreated syphilis; symptoms include ataxia dt lack of proprioceptive input, anesthesia dt dorsal root damage, & eventually paralysis as infection spreads
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tumors
(of the brain) |
develop from neuroglial cells; symptoms vary widely depending on location of tumor, but include headaches, neuralgia, paralysis, seizures, coma, & death
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neuralgia
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pain along the distribution of a peripheral nerve
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meningiomas
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tumors of the meninges
account for 25% of all primary intracranial tumors |
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Alzheimer disease
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severe type of mental deterioration, or dementia, usually affecting older people; involves a general decrease in brain size from a loss of neurons in cerebral cortex- gyri get narrower & sulci widen; symptoms: intelligence, memory, & attention span go down, moodiness, disorientation, & irritability
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amyloid plaques
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localized axonal enlargements of degenerating nerve fibers, containing large amounts of beta-amyloid protein
appearance of which is characteristic of AD |
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neurofibrillary tangles
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filaments inside the cell bodies of dead or dying neurons
appearance of which is characteristic of AD |
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apolipoprotein E (apoE)
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a protein which binds to beta-amyloid protein & is known to transport cholesterol in the blood; also associated w/ AD;
apoE-III is normal protein & apoE-IV is abnormal/mutant form found in amyloid plaques & neurofibrillary tangles & maps to chromosome 19 |
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chronic mercury poisoning
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can cause brain disorders, such as intention tremor, exaggerated reflexes, and emotional instability; mercury causes oxidative damage and apoptosis in several organs, including the kidneys and CNS
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lead poisoning in children
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major sources are flaking paint & contaminated soil; permanent brain damage includes edema, demyelination, & cortical neuron necrosis with astrocyte proliferation -> reduced intelligence, learning disabilities, poor psychomotor development, & blindness; severe cases -> psychoses, seizures, coma, & death
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lead poisoning
sources: contaminated air, food, & water |
lead usually accumulates slowly in the body until toxic levels are reached; more mild PNS symptoms in adults -> demyelination with decreased neuromuscular function, abdominal pain, renal disease
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epilepsy
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a group of brain disorders that have seizure episodes in common; either partial or complete seizure depending on amount of brain involved & whether or not consciousness is impaired
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seizure
a sudden massive neuronal discharge |
involves a change in sensation, consciousness, or behavior dt brief electrical discharge in brain; when balance of excitation/inhibition in brain is disrupted the neuronal discharges may stimulate muscles innervated resulting in muscle contractions, or convulsions
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apoE also may be involved with regulating phosphorylation of another protein -> tau
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tau is involved in microtuble formation inside neurons; if tau is overphosphorylated, microtubules are not properly constructed, & the tau proteins intertwine to form neurofibrillary tangles
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