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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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M/O of cytotoxic cerebral edema?
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1. membrane integrity lost
2. Na/K ATPase fails->ischemia |
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M/O of vasogenic cerebral edema?
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tight junctions open because of trauma or tumor
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3 M/O of CSF causeing hydrocephalus:
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1. choroid plexus papilloma
2. circulation blockage (at foremen of monro, aqueduct, foramen of lushke) 3. reabsorption failure (arachnoid granulation) |
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what is hydrocephalus ex vacuo?
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loss of brain tissue
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what is chiari malformation?
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downward displacement of the cerebellar tonsils and the medulla through the foramen magnum, sometimes causing hydrocephalus as a result of obstruction of CSF outflow.
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what are the clinical features of brain tumor:
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1. neurological deficit (progressive and focal)
2. seizure 3. raised ICP (headache, vomitting in the am, improves in the day) 4. behaviour change (from frontal lobe meningimas |
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how do brain tumors kill?
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increased ICP.
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what are 3 gliomas sub-types:
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1. astrocytoma
2. oligodendrocytoma 3. ependyoma |
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give 4 characteristics of Glioma:
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1. diffusly inflitrating
2. blend with the brain 3. grow large before symptoms start 4. generally poor prognosis: depends on: histological grade, level of patient disability, adequacy of resection |
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how are brain tumors different from systemic cancers?
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1. never met
2. recur locally 3. small volume is lethal 4. cause edema, ICP 5. brain functions until tumor is large and is nearly impossible for surgeons |
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what are the three grades of astrocytomas?
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1. low grade (no mitosis/necrosis)
2. anaplastic (mitosis) 3. gliobastoma multiforme (yes mitosis and necrosis) * they are all lethal |
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what is the most important aspect of a tumor?
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Location
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what is the genetic defect in oligodendroglimoa?
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1p and 19q
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what is glioma treatment?
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1. remove:
-craniotomy and decompression -stereotactic volumetric resection 2. radiation: -conventional -stereotactic interstitial -stereotactic radiation (both sides) 3. chemo |
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why it therapy resisted? 4
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1. radical resection, access is difficult
2. XRT contraints 3. tumor heterogeneity 4. blood tumor barrier |
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what are 4 general effects of brain tumor on kids?
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1. endocrine
2. neurodevelopement 3. psychological 4. behavioural |
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what are 3 main types of childhood brain tumors:
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1. cerebellar astrocytoma
2. brain stem astrocytoma 3. medulloblastoma (PNET) |
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In childhood astrocytoma:
1.what is grade/type? 2. treatment? 3. outcome? |
1. pilocytic astrocytoma, a cystic tumor
2. resect, no further treatment need 3. 100% yr SR |
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what are PNET?
what are the cell types? |
-primitive neuroectodermal tumour-arise from pluripotent stem cells
-small round cells of tumor |
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what are medulloblatoma?
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PNET in the medulla (hind brain)
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what clinical features does brain stem astrocytoma cause?
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1. major neuological defects
2. obstructive hydrocephalus |
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treatment for brain stem astrocytoma?
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1. can't resect, palliation only. Even if it is low grade, the location is the problem
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what are the non-glial brain tumors?
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1. meningioma
2. pituitary adenoma 3. pinealoma 4. schwannoma |
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what are the 4 Cs of craniopharyngioma?
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1. childhood: growth retardation and blindness
2. cystic 3. calcification 4. cholesterol in cyst |
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is meningioma invasive?
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no, remove it
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what is tiger country as it relates to schwanoma?
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cranial nerves in the cerebello-pontine angle
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effects of pituitary adenoma:2
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1. macroadenoma: bitemp hemianopia
2. microadenoma: hypo/hyper functioning of pituitary |
