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132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the functions of the skeleton? (6)
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- FRAMEWORK of the body
- ATTACHMENTS for muscles and tendons - PROTECTION (i.e. the skull protects the brain) - permits MOVEMENT (joints) -HAEMOPOEISIS - blood cell formation in marrow -RESERVOIR for minerals (for homeostasis) |
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How many bones are there in the human body?
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206
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What are the two parts of the skeleton called?
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Axial and Appendicular
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What parts of the body belong to the axial skeleton?
(80 bones) What is it's primary purpose? |
eg. head
spine ribcage ....it's the main torso part of the body to protect most vital organs |
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What parts of the body belong to the Appendicular skeleton? (126 bones)
What is it's primary purpose? |
shoulder girdle arm hand
leg pelvic girdle leg foot .....it's the appendages i.e. the arms and legs The main function of the appendicular skeleton is to enable locomotion and to protect the major organs of reproduction, excretion and digestion |
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The skeletal system is composed of which 4 tissues
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bones, cartilages, ligaments and tendons
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What are osteoBLASTS?
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They are the bone forming cells.
The building cells |
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What are osteoCLASTS?
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They are the bones DISSOLVING cells.
These cells are responsible for reabsorption. (multi nucleated) |
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What are osteoCYTES?
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The are the mature bones cells (in lacunae)
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What are the bone forming cells?
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osteoBLASTS
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What are the bones DISSOLVING cells
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osteoCLASTS
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What do we call mature bone cells?
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Osteocytes
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There are two types of bone structure = what are they?
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compact and spongey
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What is the basic unit of COMPACT bone called?
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Osteon (also haversian system)
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Each Osteon contain 4 parts - what are they?
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Lamella
Lacuanae Canaliculi Central Canal |
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Lamella
Lacuanae Canaliculi Central Canal ... are all parts of what? |
An Osteon
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In an Osteon
What is - Lamella What does it contain and what is it's function? |
Its the Extracelluar Matrix
it contains minerals and collagen and it the tubular structure that gives the bone strength |
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In an Osteon
What is -Lacuanae What does it contain and what is it's function? |
Its the SPACES between the lamella
It contains the Osteocytes |
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In an Osteon
What is Canaliculi What does it contain and what is it's function? |
It's a network of little canals
they provide a route for the Osteocytes to receive nutrients and remove waste. |
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In an Osteon
What is Central Canal? |
It contains blood vessels and nerves
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Lamella
Lacuanae Canaliculi Central Canal Explain the function of each of these in an Osteon |
Lamella - is the extracelluar matrix
Lacuanae - is the space in-between where you find the osteocytes Canaliculi- are the small narrow canals Central Canal - the large canal in the centre of the oseton which contains the the blood vessels and nerves |
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What are the 5 types of bones?
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Long bone
Short Bone Irregular bone Flat bone Sesamoid bone (flat of squeezed) |
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What are the 3 general features of all bones
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- Periosteaum
Compact bone outer layer Cancellous bone inside (containing red bone marrow) |
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Describe the 2 types of bones marrow
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Red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) has
- red blood cells -Platelets - white blood cells are created Yellow bone marrow - more fat cells (adipose cells) - some white blood cells are created stroma cells |
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What is the Periosteum?
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Its the vascular membrane which covers the whole bone (except the joint cavities as they have hyaline cartilage)
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Describe the Periosteum
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It has 2 layers
The outer layer is tough, fibrous to protect the bone the inner layer (cambium) contains osteocytes and is important for growth and repair. |
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Other than protection what 3 functions does the Periosteum have?
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Allows ligament and tendons to ATTACH
Provides BLOOD SUPPLY Contain Nociceptors (hurt receptors) |
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What is a long bone
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A bone which is longer than it is wide
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Give some examples of long bones (10)
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Clavical Fibula
Humerus metacarples Radius metatarsals Ulna Phalanges Femur Tibia |
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The structure of a long bone is in two parts - what are the called? and which part are they?
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Epiphysis - the ends of the bone
Diaphysis - the long slightly curved central shaft |
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Name all the parts which make up a long bone and give a brief description of what it is. (10)
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Epiphysis - the ends of the bone
Diaphysis - the long central shaft Hyaline Cartilage - covers the epiphysis Cancellous bone - is the spongey bone Compact bone - is the compact outer layer of bone Epipthseal plate- a hyaline cartilage disc around which growth occurs - it eventually fuses Periosteum - the outer membrane Endosteum - the inner membrane which lines the .... Medullary Cavity - the central cavity of the long bone where red and hello bone marrow is stored |
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Describe the Epiphysis
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Its the end of the bone
It has a thin outer layer of compact bone it is covered by a hyaline cartilage capsule INSIDE is spongy bone with red marrow - myeloid tissue which makes red and white blood cells and platelets |
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Describe the diaphysis
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It has an outer layer of compact bone
It is covered by the periosteum on the outside and the ENDosteum on the inside in the centre is has the medullary cavity the medullary cavity contain red and or yellow bone marrow |
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All marrow starts off as....
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red bone marrow
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Describe spongy bone.
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It contents are the same a compact bone but it has a different layout
- no osteons -columns of bone called TRABECULAE -The TRABECULAE are arranged in an irregular lattice -TRABECULAE contain Lamellae, Lacuanae,Canaliculi and osteocytes - spaces between the trabeculae are filled with bone marrow |
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The formation of bone is called ...
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Ossification or oseteogenesis
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Ossification or oseteogenesis occurs when....(4)
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in the embryo/foetus
during growth during bone remodelling (throughout life) repair |
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What are the two types of Ossification
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1 - intramembranous Ossification - in the embryo& foetus
- (Bone form directly within the mesenchyme- usually flat bones) 2 - Endochrondral Ossification - in the foetus and through infancy, childhood and adolescence - (it starts a hyaline cartilage that develops from the Mesenchyme and then gradually the cartilage ossifies to bone)...usually long bones |
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What is Mesenchyme?
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A kind of embryonic tissue that eventually form the connective tissues.
(the meshwork of embryonic connective tissue in the mesoderm from which are formed the connective tissues of the body and the blood and lymphatic vessels.) |
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Describe the process of bone growth (in length) for long bones (3 stages)
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The cartilage in the EPIPHYSEAL PLATE continues to growth through mitosis
The CHONDROCYTES (cartilage cells) in the region next to the diaphysis age and degenerate OSTEOBLASTS MOVE IN and ossify the matrix to form bone |
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Appositional growth is...
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the increase of a bone in diameter
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the increase of a bone in diameter is called...
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Appositional growth
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What are the hormones that affect growthand density (remodelling) in both children and adults?
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Child
growth hormone thyroid hormone Adult Testosterone and Oestrogen Calcitonin Parathyroid |
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What are the hormones that affect growth and density (remodelling) in children?
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growth hormone
thyroid hormone |
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What are the hormones that affect growth and density (remodelling) in adults?
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Testosterone and Oestrogen
Calcitonin Parathyroid |
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Describe the process of bone growth (in thickness) for (3 points)
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OSETOBLASTS in the periosteum build bones around the external surface
OSETOCLASTS in the endosteum break down/carve bone around the medullary cavity. - these two processes working together ensure the bone increases in diameter without becoming excessively heavy (and allow nourishment) |
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How does Oestrogen help our bones?
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it helps to bone to be laid down and prevents calcium being sucked out
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How does vitamin D deficiency harm bones
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It prevents the absorption of calcium from the intestines to the blood.
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How does vitamin D help bones
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It is necessary for the absorption of calcium from the intestines to the blood.
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Explain how homeostatic balance is maintained when blood calcium levels are LOW
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when blood calcium levels are low the OSETOCLASTS break down bone and release it back into the blood
This calcium exchange is regulated by the PARATHROID and the para-follicular cells of the thyroid gland |
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Explain how homeostatic balance is maintained when blood calcium levels are HIGH
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When blood calcium levels are low the OSETOBLASTS absorb/take back the excess calcium into the bone
This calcium exchange is regulated by the PARATHROID and the para-follicular cells of the thyroid gland |
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What regulates the calcium exchange between bone and blood?
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This calcium exchange is regulated by the PARATHROID and the para-follicular cells of the thyroid gland
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Which hormone is needed to take calcium from the blood into the bone
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Calcitonin (from the thyroid)
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Which hormone is used to maintain homeostatic levels of calcium in the body?
explain the process |
Parathyroid Hormone
When the receptors (the parathyroid gland ) sense low levels of calcium in the blood a message is sent to the control centre which releases the PTH (parathyroid hormone) - which in turn in receive by the effectors which in the case would be the osetoclasts and the kidneys which release more calcium into the blood and this continues until balance has been brought back to normal |
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How does exercise help increase the strength of bones?
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- bones can become stronger in response to mechanical stews - the pull of skeletal muscle and gravity
- MS leads to increase mineral deposition and the increase of collagen fibres MS ensures bone formation occurs quicker than bone reabsorption lack of stress on bones can cause up to 1% loss of mass per week |
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Give some examples of short bones (2)
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carpals
tarsals |
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Give some examples of flat bones (5)
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These provide protection and broad surfaces for muscular attachment
Skull Scapula hip sternum ribs |
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Give some examples of irregular bones (4)
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vertebrae
sacrum coccyx skull - egmaxilla, mandible |
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What is a sesamoid bone?
Give some examples of sesamoid bone |
It is a bone embedded within a tendon
fond where a tendon passes over a joint it protects the tendon and prevents it fem flattening into the joint when tension increases it also increase the mechanical function EG the Patella metacarpal (1st & 2nd) carpal - pisiform 1st metatarsal |
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What does calcitonin do?
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it promotes bone growth and works to decrease blood calcium when it's too high
It inhibits osteoclasts and promotes osetoblasts overall resulting in increased bone formation and decreased blood calcium |
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Which hormone works to increase calcium level and which works to decrease it?
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When blood calcium level is HIGH ---Calcitonin is released to inhibit Osteoclasts and stimulate osteoblasts.
When blood calcium level is LOW ---- parathyroid hormone is released to stimulate osteoclasts to release more calcium from the bone.... also CALCITRIOL which promotes the uptake of calcium from food. |
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What promotes the uptake of calcium from food?
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CALCITRIOL
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Bones
Purpose of the the skull the two parts are |
to protect the brain
the cranium the face |
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Bones
What are the bones of the skull? And where are they located |
TEMPORAL BONE 2 - mastoid process
-is the action of bone around the ear - the mastoid process is the conical portion the protrudes behind the ear and it's function is muscle attachment OCCIPITAL BONE - external occipital protuberance Is at the back base of the cranium - external occipital protuberance a prominence about the center of the outer surface of the occipital bone, giving attachment to the ligament at the back of the next FRONTAL BONE 2 - at the front of the cranium (the forehead) PARIETAL BONE- these two bones form the top of the head behind the frontal bone SPHENOID BONE - looks like a butterfly and sits inferior to the frontal bone and posteriorly to the eye sockets ETHMOID BONE - a small bone filled with air spaces that forms part of the eye sockets and the nasal cavity. It sits anterior to the Sphenoid bone. |
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Bones
How many bones in the cranium? What are they? |
8 Cranial Bones:
1 x Ethmoid Bone 1 x Frontal Bone 1 x Occipital Bone 2 x Parietal Bones 1 x Sphenoid Bone 2 x Temporal Bones |
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Bones
How are skull bones joined? |
They are joined with SUTURES
coronal sagittal lamboidal |
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Bones
coronal sagittal lamboidal What are these and where can you find them? |
they are the sutures which join the bones of the skull
coronal is at the front joining the frontal and parietal sagittal is down the middle at the top joining the two parietal lamboidal is at the base at the back joining the parietal and the occipital |
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Bones - not in notes
How many bones in the face? What are they? |
14 Facial Bones:
2 x Inferior Nasal Conchae 2 x Lacrimal Bones 1 x Mandible 2 x Maxillae (pl.); Maxilla (sing.) 2 x Nasal Bones 2 x Palatine Bones 1 x Vomer 2 x Zygomatic Bones |
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Bones
Where are the Maxilla and Mandible? |
The are 2 bones of the face and they for the upper (maxilla) and lower (mandible) part of the jaw
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Bones
What are the two bones which form the jaw? |
the upper (maxilla)
and lower (mandible) |
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Bones
What and where is the Hyoid bone? What is it's function? 2 |
It is the only bone in the body which is not connected to any other
situated in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage it is horseshoe shaped functions: it holds up the tongue, which sits above it, and it holds up the larynx, which hangs below it. It also transmits the force of muscles that help to open the jaw |
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Bones
Which bones helps with speech? |
Hyoid bones
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What are the functions of the sinuses? (5)
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-to lighten your skull
- to put moisture and warmth in the air you breathe - give resonance to the voice - to produce a mucus that moisturizes the inside of the nose. This mucus layer protects the nose from pollutants, micro-organisms, dust and dirt. - also they can act as a 'crumple zone' to protect vital organs during facial trauma |
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How may pairs of sinuses do we have and what are their names?
clue :) same names as the bones |
4 pairs
• The maxillary sinuses • The frontal sinuses • The ethmoid sinuses • The sphenoid sinuses |
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• The maxillary sinuses
• The frontal sinuses • The ethmoid sinuses • The sphenoid sinuses give the location for each of these sinus pairs |
• The maxillary sinuses (the largest), in the cheekbones.
• The frontal sinuses, in the low-center of the forehead. • The ethmoid sinuses, between the eyes, at the nasal bridge. • The sphenoid sinuses, in bones behind the nasal cavity. |
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What are fronantelles?
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They are soft fibrous sutures (soft spots) on a baby's head.
They allow the baby to pass through the birthing canal and ossify between 12 and 18 months old. the join together the 5 main bones of the skull (2 frontal, 2 parietal and 1 occipital ....note the 2 frontal bones fuse by age 6 to form just 1 bones) |
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In babies what does a sunken or raised fronantelles indicate?
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sunken indicates dehydration
raised indicates raised inter cranial pressure |
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How many moveable vertebrae do we have?
And what are the 3 regions? |
24
cervical (7) Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) |
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The spinal column can be separated in to 5 sections these are....
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Cervical vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae the sacrum the coccyx |
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Why do we have a curved and not straight spine?
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It helps to distribute weight equally - i.e. the weight of the skull.
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What lies between the vertebrae in the spinal column?
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the intervertebral discs
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Describe the Iintervertebral discs
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There are 24 discs which get progressively thicker
there function is shock absorbing, separating and binding vertebral bodies They have no blood vessels and the have 2 sections the annulus fibrosus (the outer ring) and Nucleus Pulposus ( inner part of the ring) |
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What are the four functions of the vertebral column?
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Protection for spinal cord
movement support the skull form axis of trunk |
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What is 'spinous process'?
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it's the part of the vertebrae you can feel running down your back.
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The Cervical Vertebrae has two important functions for the head what are they?
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The 1st cervical vertebrae (C1) - ATLAS
the head rests on the vertebrae it enables the nodding movement The 2nd cervical vertebrae (c2) - AXIS enables the head turning from side to side |
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How many vertebrae does the cervical vertebrae have and when does the protruding spinous process begin
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They are 7 vertebrae in the cervical section
the protruding spinous process begins at C7 |
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How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
and where do they sit? |
there are 12 thoracic vertebrae
each one articulates with each rib |
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How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
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there are 5 (although some individuals have 4 and some 6)
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Which are the largest vertebrae?
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the lumbar vertebrae
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What is spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis and where will you most likely find it?
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Are both types of back disorders (back pain) most commonly associated with the 5th Lumbar vertebrae
spondylolysis - oasis means that a disease state is present, and spondylosis is mainly describing arthritic changes to the vertebrae and spondylolisthesis is when one vertebra slips out of alignment with the vertebra below it. When it slips out of position, it rests on the bone below it, and this can cause pinched nerves and other painful stimuli from the misplaced vertebra. |
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What are the rudimentary vertebrae?
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The sacrum and coccyx
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Describe the sacrum
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It's the lower part of the spine
It's side join with the pelvis the joints between the sacrum and the pelvis are SACROILIAC joints in children it is 5 unfused vertebrae but they begin to fuse between 16-18 and a single bone by 26 |
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Where would you find the SACROILIAC joints?
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between the pelvis and the sacrum
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Where is the coccyx and what does it do?
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It is the final section of the spine
Consists of 3-5 fused vertebrae It is the remains of a vestigial tail it is now used for support whist sitting back and to attach various muscles tendons and ligaments. |
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Bones
The thoracic cage and ribs contains what? |
the sternum (manubrium/body /xiphoid process)
ribs 12 pairs |
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how many ribs do we have?
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12 pairs
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Bones
The 'shoulder girdle' contests of which 4 parts? |
1 - clavical - joins with sternum (collar bone)
2 - scapular - (shoulder blade) 3 - acromion process of the scapula 4 - humerus |
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Bones
The arm consists of how many sections of bones? |
6 sections
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Bones
What are the six sections of bones in the the arm? |
from proximal to distal
humerus ulna and radius carpals metacarpals phalanges |
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Bones
What are the five separate sections of the hand? |
Carpals - the wrist bones
metacarpals - the hand bones proximal phalanges - the part of the finger closest to the hand intermediate phalanges - the middle part of the finger distal phalanges - the finger tips |
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Bones
What are the 3 hip bones? |
Illium
Ischium (itchy bum) pubis |
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Bones
Illium Ischium pubis these are all what? |
the hips bones
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Bones
What are the seven sections of the leg? |
Femur
Tibia Fibula Patella Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges |
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Bones
What is the longest and stronger bones in the body? |
The femur
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Joints
How many joints are there in the body? |
187
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Joints
What are joints? |
A point where two structures join but are still able to move
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Joints
What are the three types of joints? |
Fibrous Joints
Cartilaginous joints Synovial joints |
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Fibrous
Cartilaginous Synovial.....are all examples of what? |
joints
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Joints
Fibrous Joints are also know as what? |
sutures
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Joints
Describe Fibrous Joints |
They are fixed (immoveable)
the bones are held together by dense tissue the only occur between the skull bones |
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Joints
Describe Cartilaginous joints |
Immoveable & slightly moveable joints
articulating bone joined by CARTILAGE NO joint cavity |
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Joints
Give some examples of the 2 types of cartilage joints (2 of each) |
SYNCHONDROSES (Hyaline cartilage) immovable
- Sternocostal joint between the first rib and the sternum. Epiphyseal plate between the epiphysis and diaphysis of growing bones SYMPHYSES (Fibrocartilage) slightly moveable - Pubic symphysis between the anterior surfaces of the hip bones. -Intervertebral joints between vertebrae. |
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Joints
Describe the synovial joints (5+2) what components make the basic structure? |
these are free moveable
there are 5 components to the basic structure - synovial/joint cavity - synovial membrane - synovial fluid - Articular (hyaline) cartilage - capsular ligament plus the muscles and tendons which give is stability |
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Joints
Describe a synovial joint |
two bone ends meet - they have a covering of hyaline cartilage
to stop the two end touching a joint cavity fits in-between filled with synovial fluid this fluid filled sack/cavity is covered with the synovial membrane. to each side of the cavity from one bone's Epiphysis to the other runs a fibrous capsule enclosing the joint the synovial membrane and the fibrous capsule together are called the articular capsule. this is them covered by ligaments |
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Joints
What are the 6 types of synovial joints? |
ball and socket
hinge pivot planar/gliding ellipsoid saddle |
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joints
Explain the 4 features of a synovial joint |
1- two bones whose articular surfaces are covered with hyaline cartilage.
2- joint space enclosed by a fibrous capsule. Thickened and organized areas of this capsule comprise the named ligaments. 3-synovial membrane lining the joint space. This membrane secretes synovial fluid, which fills the joint space and which provides lubrication and nourishment to the articular cartilage. 4- position(s) in the joint's range of motion where the joint space's volume is at a minimum, and the joint is "close-packed." |
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Joints
The are three types of synovial joints these are... with their movements by axis |
UNIAXIAL
BIAXIAL TRIAXIAL |
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Joints
Give examples of these kinds of joints ball and socket hinge pivot planar/gliding ellipsoid saddle |
ball and socket - shoulder - hip
hinge - knee - elbow pivot - (radioulnar) neck axis and atlas planar/gliding - intercarpal & intertarsal ellipsoid - wrist saddle - thumb - carpal and metacarpal |
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Joints
Explain the gliding joints a) bone fixture description b) movement given c) range of motion |
a) flat or slightly curved articular surface on 1 bone that matches up with flat or slightly curved articular surface on another bone. Bones glide past 1 another.
b) range of sliding motion it is limited by: 1) bony projections (ex: bumps by wrists) 2) intercarpal and intertarsal ligaments c) nonaxial motion-does not occur around an axis or along a plane |
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Joints
give examples of gliding joints |
1) intercarpal joints of wrists
2) intertarsal joints of ankles 3) sterno-clavicular joint-joint b/t sternum and clavicle |
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Joints
Explain the hinge/ ginglymus joints a) bone fixture description b) movement given c) range of motion |
a) rounded bone fits into concave surface of another bone
b) allows extension and flexion c) allow uniaxial motion |
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Joints
give examples of hinge/ ginglymus joints |
1) elbow- humeral-ulnar joint
2) knee- femoral-tibial joint 3) interphalangeal joints |
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Joints
Explain the pivot joints a) bone fixture description b) movement given c) range of motion |
a) rounded or conical surface of 1 bone fits into shallow depression of another bone
b) provides uniaxial rotation |
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Joints
give examples of pivot joints |
1) flipping hands over (radioulnar joint)
2) head pivots about Dens (atlanto-axial joint) 3) between capitulum of humerus and fovea of radius |
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Joints
Explain the ellipsoidal/ condyloid joints a) bone fixture description b) movement given c) range of motion |
a) oval condyle of one bone fits into depression of another bone
b) allows biaxial motion c) allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction |
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Joints
give examples of ellipsoidal/ condyloid joints |
ex is metacarpal/ phalangeal articulations of knuckles (can move fingers up and down or side to side-2 way motion)
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Joints
Explain the saddle joints a) bone fixture description b) movement given c) range of motion |
a) saddle-shaped convex fits into concave portion of another bone
b) allows biaxial motion c) allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction |
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Joints
give examples of saddle joints |
carpometacarpal joint between trapezium of carpus and metacarpal of thumb
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Joints
Explain the ball and socket joints a) bone fixture description b) movement given c) range of motion |
a) ball-like surface of one bone fits into cuplike depression of another bone
b) polyaxial-allow movement around 3 axes plus all directions in between c) allow flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation |
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Joints
give examples of ball and socket joints |
1) shoulder-head of humerus fits into glenoid fossa of scapula
2) hip-head of femur fits into acetabelum of coxal bone (Shoulder easier to disclocate b/c glenoid fossa is not deep, so not protected by upper shelf of bone. Hip is in deep socket of acetabelum, so it’s protected by upper shelf of bone.) |
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What is a bursae?
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Its a connective tissue sack filled with fluid
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What is the purpose of a bursae?
and where is it located? |
To cushion movement
so to prevent friction between bone and ligaments pr tendons against each other In a joint between skin and bone tendon and bone muscle and bone ligament and bone |
