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78 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Where is the heart located?
In the MEDIASTINUM

Inside the thorax cavity
What is meant by the apex and base of the heart?
The heart develops 'upside down' So the base is superior to the apex.

(the base is the top and the apex is the bottom)
Which intercostal space would you find the apex of the heart?
The 5th intercostal space
Roughly how big is the heart?
About the size of a fist

(your heart- your fist:)
What is the PERICARDIUM?
The membrane enclosing the heart, consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner double layer of serous membrane.
How many layers are there is the pericardium?
And what are they called?
And where are they located?
There are two layers
The Parietal pericardium - the outer layer
The Visceral pericardium - the layer closest to the heart
What lies between the Parietal pericardium and
the Visceral pericardium?
There is a space between the two layers of pericardium filled with serous fluid
What are the three layers of the heart?
1: Pericardium - fluid filled sac
2: Myocardium - the cardiac muscle
3: Endocardium - Layer of epithelial tissue
What are the layers of the pericardium?
Fibrous Pericardium - the outer fibrous sac that covers the heart.
Parietal Pericardium - lies between the visceral pericardium and the fibrous pericardium.

In between these two layer is a space filled with serous fluid

Visceral Pericardium - also called the epicardium, this is the outer layer of the wall of the heart.
What is the purpose of the pericardium
The pericardium has several functions:
-Keeps the heart contained in the chest cavity.
-Prevents the heart from overexpanding when blood volume increases.
-Limits heart motion.
What is myocardium?
it is the muscle of the heart - cardiac muscle

It is the 2nd layer of the heart structure
What is endocardium?
It is the inner lining of the heart.
A layer of simple squamous epithelium
The heart is divided into four sections - what are these and what is their function?
Two upper atria and 2 lower ventricles
Right Atrium - collects deoxygenated blood
Right Ventricle - pumps blood to the lungs
Left Atrium - collects oxygenated blood from the lungs
Left Ventricle - pumps it around the body
Which parts of the heart are thick and why?
The lower ventricles are thicker than the upper atriums. the left Ventricle is the thickest. The lower parts are thicker because they exert more pressure as they have to pump blood to the body - the left side having to pump blood tot he whole body (not just the lungs)
What are the veins and arteries which enter and exit the heart.
Right Atrium - the Superior and inferior Vena Cava (vein)
Right Ventricle - The pulmonary artery (left and right)
Left Atrium - the pulmonary vein
Left Ventricle - the Aorta
How many valves are in the heart?
What are they?
Where are they?
There are 4 valves
Between R atrium and R ventricle TRICUSPID VALVE
Between R ventricle and pulmonary artery PULMONARY VALVE
Between L atrium and L Ventricle BICUSPID/MITRAL VALVE
Between L Ventricle and Aorta - AORTIC VALVE
Where is the TRICUSPID VALVE?
Between R atrium and R ventricle
Where is the PULMONARY VALVE?
Between R ventricle and pulmonary artery
Where is the BICUSPID/MITRAL VALVE?
Between L atrium and L Ventricle
Where is the AORTIC VALVE?
Between L Ventricle and Aorta
What is the Interventricular septum?
It's the wall separating the lower chambers of the heart.
When we hear the 'lub-dub' sound of the heart - what is responsible for this sound?
The lub sound os produced by the tricuspid and mitral valves closing
The dub sound is produced by the pulmonary and aortic valves closing
What are chordae tendineae?
The chordae tendineae, or heart strings, are cord-like tendons that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve in the heart. (Chordae tendineae are approximately 80% collagen, while the remaining 20% is made up of elastin and endothelial cells.)
What are the heart valves?
What are the two kinds and how are they different?
The cusps of the heart valves serve to seal the heart valves when closed. There are three cusps for each valve except for the mitral valve, which has only two (hence its alternate name, "bicuspid valve").

AV valves - tricuspid and mitral - have chordae tendineae to close them
Semilunar valves - pulmonary and aortic - are closed by back pressure.
What is the 18 step circuit of the cardiovascular system.
Aorta
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
Vena Cava
Left Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Left Ventricle
Pulmonary Valve
Pulmonary Artery
Lungs
Pulmonary Vein
Left atrium
Mitral valve
Left ventricle
Aortic Valve
Explain how blood flows into and out of the heart with each beat.
It first flows into the left and right atrium from the vena cava and the pulmonary vein
As the nerve impulse reaches the lower chambers the tricuspid and mitral valves close.
The nerve impulse squeeze the blood in the now filled ventricles out of the pulmonary and aortic valves and into the pulmonary artery and aorta.
Then the process happens again.
What percentage of blood goes directly to supply the heart?
And how does it get there?
5% of blood goes directly to the heart
This is supplied via the two coronary arteries.
Both of these arteries originate from the beginning (root) of the aorta, immediately above the aortic valve.
Why do the coronary arteries get blocked up easily causing angina and heart attacks?
Because they are thin.
What is coronary/heart bypass surgery?
It is a surgical procedure - when an artery or vein from elsewhere in the body is grated on to the heart to provide an alternative route - this happens when the original arteries become blocked or damaged.
What is auto-rhythmic when discussing the heart?
Periodic, spontaneous contactions that occur INDEPENDENTLY of the nervous system.
What are the specialised cells in the heart that that have the ability to carry out nerve impulses?
The Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)
Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)
What are the Sinoatrial Node (SA Node) and
Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)
They are specialised cells in the heart that that have the ability to carry out nerve impulses?
What are they 5 stages of the heart's conduction and control system?
1. The Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)
2. The Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)
3. Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His)
4.--Right bundle branch (RBB) Left bundle branch (LBB)
5 Purkinjes Fibres
What is the SA node and what does it do?
The SA Node is the pacemaker of the heart. It is a specialised group of cells and has the ability to generate it's own action potentials

It is responsible for the pace and rhythm. The heartbeat begins here and then the impulse spreads across the atria.
What is the AV node and what does it do?
It's the second stage of the hearts conduction system. and acts as the relay station which conducts the normal electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles.
What is the Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His) and what does it do?
After the electrical impulse reaches the av node it is then relayed down the conducting tissue - this is called the bundle of his
What is the RBB and LBB?
They are the two branches of the bundle of his which the heart's electrical signal is conducted down after it branches in two.
What are the purkinje fibres and what do they do?
When the electrical impulse travels up to the purkinje fibres it causes the muscles in the ventricles to contract. This is the last step of the heart's beat before the process starts again.
Where in the heart do you find the SA Node and the AV Node?
They are both in the right ventricle
How many times per minute does the heart beat?
60-80
ECG/EKG

What do the P waves record?
What do the QRS waves record?
What do the T waves record?
P waves record the electrical activity in the Atrias
QRS waves record the electrical activity in the Ventricles
T waves records the heart's return to the resting state
What is the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?
The main purpose of the SNS is to activate the response of the body during stressful situations, including the fight-or-flight mechanism of the body. The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for stimulation of "rest-and-digest" or "feed and breed" activities that occur when the body is at rest.
What are some of the responses associated with the sympathetic nervous system? (3)
Some of the responses which are associated with this system include
a decreasing rate of digestion,
an increase in the blood glucose level and
the dilation of the pupils.

These activities are usually in preparation for situations which pose a potential threat to the wellbeing of a human being. They work to preserve the human beings in risky or dangerous circumstances.
What are some of the responses associated with the parasympathetic nervous system? (2)
The PNS plays a crucial role of preserving or conserving the body’s resources and energy during inactive times. In addition to this, this system serves to maintain the functioning of the body in times of inactivity. For instance, the PNS
lowers the heart rate
as well as stimulating the rate of digestion.

This function serves to conserve the body’s energy for the time of need.
What are the factors which can affect the heart rate (8)?
Autonomic Nervous System
Circulating chemicals ....adrenaline, Thyroxine.
Age
Gender
Position
Exercise
Emotional Stress
Temperature
Pulses
What is a pulse?
What is the average rate?
Where can you commonly find them?
A pulse is a blood pressure wave originating in the heart

For adults the average pulse is 60-100 BPM

Common pulses can be found in these arteries.
Carotid, radial, femoral, dorsalis pedis, posterior tibial.
Does you pulse rate go up or down as you get older?
A person's pulse rate should go down as they get older, a baby's would be around 130/140 decreasing to 85 by 12 years old.
What is the cardiac output?

What is the average?
The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute

about 5L per minute
What is meant by TACHYCARDIA AND BRADYCARDIA?
TACHYCARDIA is an increased heart rate
AND BRADYCARDIA is a decreased heart rate

TACHYCARDIA is a heart rate over 100/min
BRADYCARDIA is a heart rate under 50/60 min
TACHYCARDIA is a heart rate over what?
AND BRADYCARDIA is a heart rate under what?
TACHYCARDIA is a heart rate over 100/min
BRADYCARDIA is a heart rate under 50/60 min

at rest
What is the cardiac systole and cardiac diastole?
The cardiac systole is the CONTRACTION of the heart muscle and cardiac diastole is the RELAXATION of the heart muscle.
What keeps blood moving during diastole?
The elasticity of the aorta
What three factors help blood return to the heart?
Venous return
Body position - gravity
Muscle contraction - muscle pumps
Respiratory pump- the rib cages moves up and out - the diaphragm moves down this creates positive pressure a vacuum like action which causes the blood to draw up.
What is Blood Pressure?
The pressure exerted by circulating blood on the blood vessel walls
What is the normal blood pressure?
120/80
What are the two highest priorities from the blood supply?
The heart and the brain
What are VASOCONSTRICTION and VASODILATION? and what do the help control?
They help control the blood pressure - VASOCONSTRICTION causes the blood pressure to rise and VASODILATION helps it to decrease.
Explain the homeostatic control of the blood pressure
A stimulas cause the blood pressure to decrease
Receptors - barorecepters and carotid sinus
Control centre - CV centre medulla oblongata - brain
Effectors - Increased stroke volume of heart (SA Node)
- vasoconstriction
Increased blood pressure - return to normal output
What are the homeostatic
receptors
control centre
effectors
for blood pressure?
- barorecepters and carotid sinus - quickly detects a change in arterial pressure
- the brains (medulla oblongata)
-SA Node increased rate + vasoconstriction
Where is cholesterol found?
What is it used for?
Cholesterol is found in every cell in the body.
It's used to build healthy cells and some vital hormones.
Where do we get cholesterol from?
It is made in the liver
extra is obtained from diet
What happens is you have to much cholesterol in your system?
Too much cholesterol can be dangerous because you may develop fatty deposits in you blood vessels - increase risk of heart disease.
Name five diseases caused by high cholesterol
Coronary heart disease
Stroke
Peripheral vascular disease
Type 2 diabetes
High blood pressure
How is cholesterol transported around the body?
And why can it not travel around the blood alone?
Cholesterol is transported around the body in the form of a LIPOPROTEIN - these are produced in the liver.

It is a fatty wax like substance so doesn't dissolve well in the blood.
What are LIPOPROTEINS?
They transport cholesterol around they body.
What are the two types of LIPOPROTEIN and how are they different?
Low Density LIPOPROTEIN (LDL)
Hign Density LIPOPROTEIN (HDL)

LDL carries cholesterol from the liver to the cells
HDL collects cholesterol from the cells and brings t back to the liver.
LDL and HDL what is it? Which one is 'bad' which one is 'good' why?
They are LIPOPROTEINs which transport Cholesterol around the body

LDL is 'bad' because this kind can deposit cholesterol in the arteries.
HDLis 'good' because it collects cholesterol fromt he blood and takes it back to the liver
HDL and LDL - what are their sources?
HDL - comes from vegetable oils - olive oil eg
LDL - comes from animal proteins/dairy
How does the cardiovascular help the body's other systems?(homeostasis)

The skin
- delivers clotting factors and white blood cells to aid and repair injury

- changes in flow to skin can be used to adjust temperature
How does the cardiovascular help the body's other systems?(homeostasis)

The skeletal system
- delivers minerals, hormones that control remodelling.
- and delivers Erythropoietin which is an essential hormone for red cell production.(which happens in the bone marrow)
How does the cardiovascular help the body's other systems?(homeostasis)

The muscular system
- removes heat and lactic acid
How does the cardiovascular help the body's other systems?(homeostasis)

Endocrine system
delivers hormones to their targets
How does the cardiovascular help the body's other systems?(homeostasis)

Lymphatic/immune system
-distributes immune cells around the body
How does the cardiovascular help the body's other systems?(homeostasis)

Respiratory system
transports oxygen to the tissues
returns carbon dioxide to the lungs for exhelation
How does the cardiovascular help the body's other systems?(homeostasis)

The digestive system
-carries absorbs nutrients to the liver
- distributes hormones that aid digestion
How does the cardiovascular help the body's other systems?(homeostasis)

Urinary system
20% of the resting cardiac output goes to kidneys for filtering
How does the cardiovascular help the body's other systems?(homeostasis)

Reproductive system
- distributes reproductive hormones
- vasodilation of arterioles in sex organs during intercourse
How do you workout the cardiac output?
the stroke volume (70ml) x heart rate = cardiac output