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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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If a patient has chest pain what are the possible causes? (6)
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- Heart disease (Angina, Myocardial infraction <-heart attack)
- Pericarditis - inflammation of the pericardium -Pulmonary Embolism - Oesophageal Disease - Pneumonia - Pneumothorax <- air trapped next to the lung - Pleurisy - Inflammation of the pleura (the lining surrounding the lung) |
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What are the vital sign which you should check?
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Temperature
Pulse Blood Pressure Respiration (also BMI, Pain sense, Blood glucose) |
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What is Cyanosis?
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Blueness of any area due to Hypoxia
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Hypoxia is a shortage of what?
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Oxygen in the system
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What is an ANGIOGRAM and what is it for? (6)
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It's a medial imaging technique used to visualise the the inside of blood vessels and organs
Used to diagnose - nervous disease, tumours, coronary heart disease, CV disease (angina), arteriovenous malformations |
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What is an ECG/EKG and what is it for
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A way of recording the electrical activity of the heart.
By studying the shape and the size of the waves doctors can learn about the heart and it's rhythm . |
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Shock
How many types of Shock are there? And what are they? |
5 Types of shock
1) HYPOVOLAEMIC SHOCK - (blood or liquid loss) 2) CARDIOGENIC SHOCK - (heart muscle can't maintain cardiac output e.g. heart attack) 3) SEPTIC SHOCK - infection cause by vasodilation & pooling of blood) 4) NEUROGENIC SHOCK - (extreme situation, fear etc) 5) ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK - severe allergic reaction |
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Shock
What are the cause of these types of shock? 1) HYPOVOLAEMIC SHOCK 2) CARDIOGENIC SHOCK 3) SEPTIC SHOCK 4) NEUROGENIC SHOCK 5) ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK |
1) Loss of blood or liquid
2) Heart muscle can't maintain cardiac output 3) Infection causes vasodilation & blood pooling 4) extreme situation causes parasympathetic NS to bradycardia and vasodilation. 5) severe allergic reaction |
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Shock
Explain HYPOVOLAEMIC SHOCK |
When blood volume is down by 15-25%
loss of blood or liquid Haemorrhage severe sunburn(loss of serum) Vomiting & diarrhoea (loss of water and electrolytes) organ perforation (bleeding into a cavity) |
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Shock
Explain CARDIOGENIC SHOCK |
When the heart muscle can't maintain cardiac out out
Acute heart disease - heart attack, hit to the chest in a car crash for example. |
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Shock
Explain SEPTIC SHOCK |
Infection causes vasodilation and pooling of blood, - infection-based immune and inflammatory response.
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Shock
Explain NEUROGENIC SHOCK |
Extreme situation causes parasympathetic NS to reduce heart rate and dilate blood vessels
This causes reduced cardiac output, blood pooling and fainting |
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Shock
Explain ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK |
Severe allergic reaction - vasodilation and bronchiorestriction
This leads to - reduced venous return , reduced cardiac output and tissue hypoxia |
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Shock
What are the signs and symptoms of shock? (12) |
Cold & Clammy
Sweating Cyanosis Feeling faint/Weak Drowsiness Dizziness Confusion Anxiety Tachycardia Weak Pulse Shallow, Rapid breathing Hypotension |
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Shock
What physiological changes can counteract shock? |
Vasoconstrictions
Increased Heart Rate Water Retention |
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Shock
When suffering from SEVERE shock if these (Vasoconstrictions Increased Heart Rate, Water Retention ) do not occur quickly enough what might it lead to? (5) |
Hypoxia
Anaerobic respiration Lactic Acid build up Acidosis (build up of H Ions) Cellular damage/death |
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Shock
If someone is suffering from Shock what should you do? |
Call an ambulance
Lay flat with legs raised Stop bleeding Give anaphylaxis treatment Loosen tight clothing Keep person warm (with blankets) Dont give anything to eat/drink |
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Name the diseases of the blood vessels (12)
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Atheroma
Arteriosclerosis & Atherosclerosis Angina Pectoris Myocardial lnfarction Cerebrovascular Accident CVA aka Stroke Transient Ischaemic Attack - mini stroke Aneurysm Venous Thrombosis Varicose Vein Raynaud's Syndrome Oedema Ascites |
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Name the diseases of the blood Pressure (2)
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Hypertension
Hypotension |
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Name the diseases of the Heart (6)
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Acute Cardiac Failure
Chronic Cardiac Failure Stenosis & Incompetence (heart valve disorders) Arrhythmias Endocarditis Pericarditis |
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Pathology of the Blood Vessels
== Atheroma== Definition Signs and Symptoms Causes/risks (12) Effects and Complications |
Definition: a thickening swelling of the tunica Intima (innermost layer) of the artery walls Due to --
1) Build up of fatty acids/ LDL 2) Oxidation of cholesterol 3) Accumulation of fat filled monocytes and smooth muscle 4)Development of fibrous cap Signs and Symptoms ** chest pain/angina that eases with rest **breathlessness ** heart attack ** Stroke **peripheral vascular disorder which may be seen more frequently in smokers. It is characterised by pain in the calf muscles especially on walking or climbing stairs which is relieved on rest. ** Excruciating abdominal pain along with nausea may occur when presence of atheroma constricts the arteries supplying intestines and other abdominal organs. Causes/risks <Hereditary<Gender<Age<Hypertension <Diabetes Mel <Obesity < Smoking< Stress < Sedentary lifestyle < Diet < Excessive Lifestyle< Anything causing tissue that the body may need to fix Effects and Complications -> Thrombosis___Embolism___Haemorrhage -> Angina// Intermittent Claudication (lower limb pain)//Stroke |
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What are each of these Blood Vessel diseases?
Atheroma Arteriosclerosis & Atherosclerosis Angina Pectoris Myocardial lnfarction Cerebrovascular Accident CVA aka Stroke Transient Ischaemic Attack - mini stroke Aneurysm Venous Thrombosis Varicose Vein Raynaud's Syndrome Oedema Ascites |
Atheroma:- Thickening of the inner lining of the blood vessel due to build up of cholesterol.
Arteriosclerosis & Atherosclerosis - stiffening and hardening of the arteries. Angina Pectoris:- :- Severe chest pain due to Ischemia of heart muscle generally due to obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries. Myocardial lnfarction :- Complete blockage of the blood supply to the heart resulting in hypoxia then tissue necrosis. Cerebrovascular Accident CVA aka Stroke:- infarction of brain tissue by occlusion (blockage/blood clot) or rupture of blood Transient Ischaemic Attack - mini stroke:- Temporary reduction of blood flow caused by micro embolisms in brain. Aneurysm: Abnormal local dilations of arteries - weakness of vessel wall. Venous Thrombosis: Intervascular clot that remains where it formed. Varicose Vein:- Incompetent Valves - pooling of the venous blood and chronically dilated veins Raynaud's Syndrome: intermittent attacks of ischaemia in extremities. (vasospasming) Oedema:- excess fluid causing swelling Ascites:- Accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity |
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What is Ischemia?
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It is a restriction in blood supply to tissues, causing a shortage of oxygen and glucose needed for cellular metabolism (to keep tissue alive).
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What is infarction?
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Infarction is tissue death (necrosis) caused by a local lack of oxygen, due to an obstruction of the tissue's blood supply
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Name the disease from the description
1) Thickening of the inner lining of the blood vessel due to build up of cholesterol. 2) stiffening and hardening of the arteries. 3) Severe chest pain due to Ischemia of heart muscle generally due to obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries. 4) Complete blockage of the blood supply to the heart resulting in hypoxia then tissue necrosis. 5) Infarction of brain tissue by occlusion (blockage/blood clot) or rupture of blood 6) Temporary reduction of blood flow caused by micro embolisms in brain. 7) Abnormal local dilations of arteries - weakness of vessel wall. 8) Intervascular clot that remains where it formed. 9) Incompetent Valves - pooling of the venous blood and chronically dilated veins 10) intermittent attacks of ischaemia in extremities. (vasospasming) 11) excess fluid causing swelling 12) Accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity |
1) Atheroma
2) Arteriosclerosis & Atherosclerosis 3) Angina Pectoris 4) Myocardial lnfarction 5) Cerebrovascular Accident CVA aka Stroke 6) Transient Ischaemic Attack - mini stroke 7) Aneurysm 8) Venous Thrombosis 9) Varicose Vein 10) Raynaud's Syndrome 11) Oedema 12) Ascites |
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What's the difference between Thrombosis and Embolism?
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A thrombosis is a clot which remains in the place it is formed
An Embolism is a mobile blood clot |
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Pathology of the Blood Vessels
== Arteriosclerosis & Atherosclerosis== Definition Signs and Symptoms Causes/risks Effects and Complications |
Definition-
Arteriosclerosis- stiffening and hardening of arteries Atherosclerosis- thickening and hardening as a result of fatty materials like cholesterol also fibrous and calcium. Both result in progressive degeneration of arterial walls so increase BP and PulsePressure Signs and Symptoms **there may not be any symptoms in early stages and often only presents when it is too late - eventually may lead to heart attack, stroke, severe pain depending on where it is taking place** Causes/risks Exact cause unknown but may result in damage from= <High blood pressure <High cholesterol, often from getting too much cholesterol or saturated fats in your diet < Smoking and other sources of nicotine< Diabetes Effects and Complications ->Progressive arterial degeneration (ischaemia in the limbs) -> Predisposition to gangrene (especially smokers and those with diabetes) -> senile Arteriosclerosis leads to stroke ->complications of atheroma - angina/ limb pain, stroke) |
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Explain these terms
Ischemia Infarct Necrosis Gangrene |
Ischemia - A decrease in the blood supply to a bodily organ, tissue, or part caused by constriction or obstruction of the blood vessels
Infarct - An area of tissue that undergoes necrosis as a result of obstruction of local blood supply, as by a thrombus or embolus. Necrosis - Death of cell tissue due to Infarct Gangrene - Death and decay of body tissue, often occurring in a limb, caused by insufficient blood supply and usually following injury or disease. |
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What is angina?
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Severe chest pain due to ischemia of the heart muscle - generally due to obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries.
** Insufficient blood flow to the heart muscle from narrowing or arteries causing pain** - Triggered by physical exercise Not cardiac arrest or heart attack - pain will decrease with rest - though may precede a heart attack |
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ANGINA
Definition: Signs and Symptoms: Complications: Treatment: |
Definition: Insufficient blood flow to the heart muscle from narrowing or arteries causing pain
Signs and Symptoms: -Heavy, tight or gripping chest pain (centrally or retrosternally) that eases with rest. -Dyspnoea -Often pain in arm/chest Complications: Precursor for heart attack Treatment: Nitro-glycerine - sublingually |
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WHAT IS THIS?
Definition: Insufficient blood flow to the heart muscle from narrowing or arteries causing pain Signs and Symptoms: -Heavy, tight or gripping chest pain (centrally or retrosternally) that eases with rest. -Dyspnoea -Often pain in arm/chest Complications: Precursor for heart attack Treatment: Nitro-glycerine - sublingually |
ANGINA
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MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION - Heart attack
What exactly is a heart attack? |
Complete blockage of the blood supply to the heart result in hypoxia and the necrosis.
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HEART ATTACK (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION)
Definition: Cause Signs and Symptoms: (8) |
Definition: Complete blockage of the blood supply to the heart result in hypoxia and the necrosis.
Cause: Atherosclerosis or Embolism Signs and Symptoms: ** Severe chest pain >20 mins **Does not improve with rest ** Dysponea ** Syncope (fainting) ** Fatigue ** Feeling of impending doom ** Pale & Clammy Skin ** |
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STROKE
Definition: Causes: Risk Factors |
Definition: Infarction of brain tissue due to complete blockage or rupture of blood vessel.
Causes: // Atheroma // Atherosclerosis // embolus // thrombus // rupture or blood vessel (aneurysm) Risk Factors -- Hypertension -- Atherosclerosis |
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STROKE
What are the two main types of stroke? (and to what ratio) |
Haemorrhagic Stroke and Ischaemic Stroke
20% of strokes 80% of strokes 50% death rate Haemorrhagic Stroke - blood vessels in brain rupture resulting in brain damage Ischaemic Stroke - Blood vessel are blocked eventually causes tissue death |
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STROKE
How many minutes of ischaemia before there is tissue damage? |
4 Minutes
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STROKE
How can you diagnose a stroke? |
With a CT scan or an MRI
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STROKE
What are the signs and symptoms of a stroke? (6) |
- Sudden weakness, numbness or tingling
- Loss of Speech or comprehension -Confusion - Loss of vision - Sudden SEVERE headaches - Unsteadiness |
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STROKE
What is the treatment for a stroke? What is the outcome? |
Hospital
Reduce inflammation Collateral circulation Depends of the severity and location, Death - Paralysis & less severe & transient problems. |
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What is a mini-stroke
and what are the signs and symptoms? |
Temporary reduction of the blood flow - caused by micro-embolism in the brain. ** can be a warning sign for full stroke.
signs and symptoms Transient impaired function that resolves within 24 hours. Depends on area of brain affected. |
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ANEURYSM
Definition Complications (3) |
Definition
Abnormal local dilations of arteries - weakness of the vessel. Complications -Haemorrhage and rupture - Micro aneurysms can cause reoccurring small strokes. - Thrombosis and Embolism from damaged epithelium |
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VENOUS THROMBOSIS
What types of veins are associated with Venous Thrombosis? |
Superficial
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What's the different in the location of
Venous Thrombosis Deep Vein Thrombosis Arterial Thrombosis |
Venous Thrombosis = Superficial Veins
Deep Vein Thrombosis = Deep/Portal/Renal/Jugular Arterial Thrombosis = Stroke/ Myocardial Infarction |
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SUPERFICIAL VENOUS THROMBOSIS
Definition: Signs and Symptoms: Treatment: |
Definition: Intervascular blood clot that remains in the place it formed.
Signs and Symptoms: Hard, red, painful area above vein Vein may be palpable too Treatment: * Cooling *Elevating * Gentle Exercise * Heparin cream, enzymes |
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DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS
Definition: Signs and Symptoms: Predisposing Factors: Treatment: Complications |
Definition: Thrombus forms in the deep vein (commonly in lower limb)
Signs and Symptoms: *Pain (Heavy ache/tenderness) *Swelling of lower limb - though usually asymptomatic Predisposing Factors: -Reduced blood flow ( - immobility, pressure on vein by tumour, shock, long-haul flights) - Changes in Blood (Dehydration, polycythemia, Sticky Platelets - OCP) _ Damage to Blood Vessel wall Treatment Complete Rest (NOT EXERCISE - only preventative) Refer to Hospital - Blood Thinners Complications: Pulmonary Embolism |
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WHAT IS THIS?
Definition: Thrombus forms in the deep vein (commonly in lower limb) Signs and Symptoms: *Pain (Heavy ache/tenderness) *Swelling of lower limb - though usually asymptomatic Predisposing Factors: -Reduced blood flow ( - immobility, pressure on vein by tumour, shock, long-haul flights) - Changes in Blood (Dehydration, polycythemia, Sticky Platelets - OCP) _ Damage to Blood Vessel wall Treatment Complete Rest (NOT EXERCISE - only preventative) Refer to Hospital - Blood Thinners Complications: Pulmonary Embolism |
Deep Vein Thrombosis
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VARICOSE VEINS
Definition: Signs and Symptoms: Treatment: Complications |
Definition: Incompetent Valves leading to pooling of venous blood and chronically dilated veins.
Signs and Symptoms: Aching Fatigue of legs Distended Blue Veins Treatment: //Compression // Hydrotherapy // Horse Chestnut // Exercise // Elevation of legs// Complications ** Haemorrhage ** Varicose Ulcers |
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VEINS
Other than Thrombosis and varicose veins what are the three other vein conditions? |
Haemorrhoids
Scrotal Varicocele Oesophageal Varicles |
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VEINS
What are each of these? Haemorrhoids Scrotal Varicocele Oesophageal Varices |
Haemorrhoids - Swelling and inflammation of veins in the rectum and anus
Scrotal Varicocele - Idiopathic occurs when the venous valves along the spermatic chord don't work properly. Secondary - due to the compression of the venous drainage of the testicle. A pelvic or abdominal malignancy may be suspected when a varicocele is newly diagnosed in a patient older than 40. Oesophageal Varicles - Varicose veins of the Oesophageal. |
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VEINS
What causes Haemorrhoids? And what are the signs and symptoms? |
- Straining during bowl movement (chronic constipation)
-Hypertension - portal Hypertension - Obesity - Pregnancy and Parturition (giving birth) ** may be Asymptomatic ** Bright, red blood on faeces or paper) ** Protruding haemorrhoids - pain and itching |
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VEINS
Scrotal Varicocele, what are the signs and symptoms? What are the complications? |
- Dragging aching pain in scrotum
- Heaviness in testicles - Atrophy of testicles - Visible/palpable enlarged vein ** infertility - increased temperature ** Testicular Atrophy |
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VEINS
What causes Oesophageal Varices? What are the signs and symptoms? What are the complications? |
- Portal Hypertension - eg liver cirrhosis, right side heart failure.
** Slight Bleeding ** Anaemia ** Iron Deficiency // Rupture// Bleeding // |
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OEDEMA
Definition: Cause Signs and Symptoms: Predisposing Factors: Treatment: Complications |
Definition: Excess Tissue Fluid - which causes swelling
Cause; -- Increased Venous - Hydrostatic pressure resulting from >> Heart Failure >> Kidney Disease >> External Pressure on Limb >> Micro Cause: Decreased Plasma Osmotic Pressure Impaired Lymphatic Drainage Increased small vessel Permeability |
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WHAT IS THIS?
Definition: Excess Tissue Fluid - which causes swelling Cause; -- Increased Venous - Hydrostatic pressure resulting from >> Heart Failure >> Kidney Disease >> External Pressure on Limb >> Micro Cause: Decreased Plasma Osmotic Pressure Impaired Lymphatic Drainage Increased small vessel Permeability |
OEDEMA
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RAYNAUD'S SYNDROME
Definition: Triggers Treatment |
Definition: (women 30-40)
Intermittent attacks of Ischaemia in Extremities VASOSPASPMING - leading to Painful, Pale cold extremities. Triggers// Exposure // cold // emotional stimuli// Treatment Hold and cold water bucket - place hands in and out to stimulate blood vessels to diolate. |
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WHAT IS IT?
Definition: (women 30-40) Intermittent attacks of Ischaemia in Extremities VASOSPASPMING - leading to Painful, Pale cold extremities. Triggers// Exposure // cold // emotional stimuli// Treatment Hold and cold water bucket - place hands in and out to stimulate blood vessels to diolate. |
RAYNAUD'S SYNDROME
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ASCITES
Definition Causes |
Definition: Accumulation of fluid in Peritoneal Cavity
Causes - Cirrhosis - Heart Failure - Constrictive Pericarditis -Cancer -TB |
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HYPERTENSION
What indicates hypertension? What are the two difference types? |
Hyper tension is a blood pressure reading of over 150/90 (depending on age)
ESSENTIAL Hypertension (90% - cause of unknown origin) SECONDARY Hypertension - Kidneys damaged kidneys release vasoconstrictors) - Hormones (Adrenal, Thyroid) |
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HYPERTENSION
What are the complications? (6) |
1- Retinal Bleeding
2- Cerebral Oedema 3- Renal Disease 4- Blood Vessels - Aneurysm 5- Heart Failure -- Left Ventricle Failure leads to:- Lung Congestion, blood pools in lungs as it has nowhere to go back to) -- Right Ventricle Failure leads to:- Oedema (blood pools in tissues as it has nowhere to go back to) 6 - Brain/ Stroke |
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HyPOtension
Leads to ....? Causes? |
it leads to inadequate blood supply to the brain
Caused by: - Shock - Long term adrenal fatigue -Postural Hypotension Syncope (Fainting on standing up too quickly) - Delayed response to Barocepetors to the change in blood pressure on standing |
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CARDIAC
What are the cardiac pathologies? |
- Acute Cardiac Failure
- Chronic Cardiac Failure *Left side * Right side - Heart Valve Disorder * Stenosis * Incompetence -Arrhythmias * Bradycardia * Tachycardia * Fibrillation * Heart Block * Atrial Fibrillation * Cardiac Arrest -Endocarditis -Pericarditis |
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PERICARDITIS
Definition: Cause: (6) Signs and Symptoms Complications: Treatment: |
Definition: Inflammation of the Pericardium
Cause: 1 - Complications with infection 2 - Secondary to other disorder e.g. TB, Cancer 3- Autoimmune - Inflammation 4 - After a Heart Attack 5 - Systemic Inflammatory Condition e.g. Lupus RA 6 - Trauma Signs and Symptoms - Chest pain - radiating to the back and relieved by sitting up, forward - worsened by lying down or breathing deeply. -SOB when reclining - Low-grade fever - overall sense of weakness, fatigue, or feeling sick. -dry cough - Abdominal or leg swelling Oedema ** May be misdiagnosed as Myocardial infarction Complications: CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS Permanent thickening, scarring, contracture of the pericardium. CARDIAC TAMPONADE / PERICARDIAL EFFUSION too much fluid collects in the pericardium putting pressure on the heart and stopping it from filling properly. Treatment: / Rest / Non-steroidal anti inflammatory/ Antibiotics (if infection) / In severe cases - Surgical Drainage/ removal from Pericardium |
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Which heart condition presents with Chest pain - radiating to the back and relieved by sitting up, forward - worsened by lying down or breathing deeply?
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PERICARDITIS
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Which heart condition may be misdiagnosed as Myocardial Infarction?
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PERICARDITIS
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What happens during CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS?
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The pericardium looses much of it's elasticity and resembles a rigid case that constricts the heart and prevents it from working properly.
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What happens during CARDIAC TAMPONADE / PERICARDIAL EFFUSION?
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Too much fluid collects in the pericardium putting pressure on the heart and stopping it from filling properly.
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WHAT IS THIS?
Definition: Inflammation of the Pericardium Cause: 1 - Complications with infection 2 - Secondary to other disorder e.g. TB, Cancer 3- Autoimmune - Inflammation 4 - After a Heart Attack 5 - Systemic Inflammatory Condition e.g. Lupus RA 6 - Trauma Signs and Symptoms - Chest pain - radiating to the back and relieved by sitting up, forward - worsened by lying down or breathing deeply. -SOB when reclining - Low-grade fever - overall sense of weakness, fatigue, or feeling sick. -dry cough - Abdominal or leg swelling Oedema ** May be misdiagnosed as Myocardial infarction Complications: CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS Permanent thickening, scarring, contracture of the pericardium. CARDIAC TAMPONADE / PERICARDIAL EFFUSION too much fluid collects in the pericardium putting pressure on the heart and stopping it from filling properly. Treatment: / Rest / Non-steroidal anti inflammatory/ Antibiotics (if infection) / In severe cases - Surgical Drainage/ removal from Pericardium |
PERICARDITIS
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ENDOCARDITIS
Definition: Cause: Signs and Symptoms Complications: Treatment: |
Definition: An inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and valves.
Cause: Bacteria or other infection has spread through the blood and attached to damaged areas of the heart. - Uncommon in people with healthy hearts // greater risk of this if you have a damaged heart valve, artificial heart valve or other heart defect Signs and Symptoms 1- Fever/Chills 2- A new/changed heart murmer 3 - Fatigue 4- Aching Joints and Muscles 5 - Night sweats 6 - Shortness of Breath 7 - paleness 8 - Persistant cough 9- swelling in feet, legs, abdomen 10 - Unexplained Weight loss 11- Blood in urine 12 - tenderness in spleen 13 - Continuous presence of micro-organisms in the blood stream determined by serial collection of blood cultures. 14 - Osler's Node (red, tender spots under the skin of fingers) 15- Petechiae on skin, inside mouth and whites of eyes Complications: 1 - Septic Embolus - Endocarditis can cause clumps of bacteria and cellular debris to form in heart at the site of infection. These can break loose,travel to other places and cause problems (organ damage/stroke) 2 - Untreated - it can damage you heart valves and permanently destroy heart's inner lining. 3- Causes heart to work harder - leading to heart failure 4 - Progression of untreated condition is FATAL Treatment: IV Antibiotics |
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What are the signs and symptoms of ENDOCARDITIS? (15)
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1- Fever/Chills
2- A new/changed heart murmer 3 - Fatigue 4- Aching Joints and Muscles 5 - Night sweats 6 - Shortness of Breath 7 - paleness 8 - Persistant cough 9- swelling in feet, legs, abdomen 10 - Unexplained Weight loss 11- Blood in urine 12 - tenderness in spleen 13 - Continuous presence of micro-organisms in the blood stream determined by serial collection of blood cultures. 14 - Osler's Node (red, tender spots under the skin of fingers) 15- Petechiae on skin, inside mouth and whites of eyes |
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What are the complications of ENDOCARDITIS? (4)
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1 - Septic Embolus - Endocarditis can cause clumps of bacteria and cellular debris to form in heart at the site of infection. These can break loose,travel to other places and cause problems (organ damage/stroke)
2 - Untreated - it can damage you heart valves and permanently destroy heart's inner lining. 3- Causes heart to work harder - leading to heart failure 4 - Progression of untreated condition is FATAL |
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What is the treatment for ENDOCARDITIS?
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IV Antibiotics
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ARRHYTHMIAS
What is an arrhythmia? Name the six types and explain what they are. |
* Bradycardia - rate below 60
* Tachycardia - rate over 100 * Fibrillation - irregular rhythm and force/ inadequate blood supply * Heart Block - Failure of the SAN to produce impulses or the impulse doesn't get through to the AVN * Atrial Fibrillation Quivering/uncoordinated, rapid, small local atrial contractions * Cardiac Arrest- when the heart develops an arrhythmia that causes it to stop beating. |
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ARRHYTHMIAS
How is cardiac arrest different to myocardial infarction? |
Cardiac Arrest - the heart stops beating
Myocardial Infarction - blood flow to the heart is stopped. myocardial infarction may lead to cardiac arrest. |
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ARRHYTHMIAS
What is the treatment for cardiac arrest? |
Cardiac arrest is a medical emergency!!!
First aid - Give CPR to provide circulatory support until defibrillation is available. |
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ARRHYTHMIAS
How is Atrial Fibrillation identified? What effects does it cause? |
By taking pulse and observing that the heartbeats don't occur at regular intervals. - or absence of P wave on ECG.
- Not life threatening but may result in palpitations, fainting, chest pain, or finally congestive heart failure. Increases risk of Stoke because blood may pool and clot in poorly contracting atrial. |
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ARRHYTHMIAS
Atrial Fibrillation may increase the risk of which other condition? Why? |
Stoke
Because poorly contracting Atria may cuase blood to pool and clot. |
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What is a heart murmur?
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When total closing of valve doesn't take place (In children often innocent)
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What are the two heart valve conditions?
What are the causes? and treatment is necessary? |
1 - Stenosis
2 - Incompetence Stenosis - narrowing of an orifice/ Typically affects MITRAL VALVE - causes Murmur. Incompetence - Regurgitation (going back the wrong way) Into previous chamber. Causes - for both - Congenital - Infection that causes scarring and endocarditis - Rheumatic Fever, Diphtheria Treatment = Valve Repair |
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CHRONIC CARDIAC FAILURE
Right side failure Cause Signs and Symptoms |
Right side failure
Cause - Lung disease - Back pressure from the left side of the heart - Previous heart attack Signs and Symptoms *SYSTEMIC OEDEMA * Ascites *Portal hypertension /Oesophageal Varices |
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CHRONIC CARDIAC FAILURE
left side failure Cause Signs and Symptoms |
left side failure
Cause - High Blood Pressure - Myocardial Weakness - Valve Problems Signs and Symptoms * PULMONARY OEDEMA *Congestion *Bronchitis *Cardiac Asthma - often more serve at night |
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CHRONIC CARDIAC FAILURE
Causes |
- High Blood Pressure
- Myocardial Weakness - Valve disease - Lung disease - Back pressure from the left side of the heart - Previous heart attack -Smoking - Obesity |
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CHRONIC CARDIAC FAILURE
What is congestive heart failure? And Chronic cardiac failure? |
Both the left and the right side of the heart is failing.
Chronic failure means it develops gradually finally resulting in left/right side failure. |
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How does the body initially compensate for chronic cardiac failure?
What happens when no further compensations can be made? |
1 - cardiac muscle and heart enlarges
2 - walt and salt retention to increase blood volume 3 - Vasoconstriction to increase blood volume There is a gradual decline in cardiac effciency |
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ACUTE CARDIAC FAILURE
Definition: Cause: Treatment |
Definition: Sudden decrease in the OUTPUT of the blood from the heart.
Cause: 1- Ischemic damage to heart - Atheroma - thrombosis 2- Pulmonary Embolism 3- Rupture of heart chamber or valve 4 - Acute toxic myocarditis Treatment This is a Medical EMERGENCY!! *Call and ambulance *No Drinking *Sitting Position *Nitro Sublingual *CPR *100mg Aspirin *Self -help --forceful cough |
