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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are triglycerides?
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They make up most of the fats that humans digets.
They are a single molecule of glyerol combined with three fatty acids. |
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What are phospholipids used for in the body?
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They are used for building plasma membranes.
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How much cholesterol is required for daily intake?
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<300mg.
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What tranports lipids throughout the body?
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Lipoproteins.
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What is a bad lipoprotein?
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Low-density lipoprotein (LDL).
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What is the function of LDL?
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Transport cholesterol from liver to the tissues. They also store cholesterol in the lining of our blood vessels.
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What is the good lipoprotein?
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High-density lipoprotein (HDL).
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What is the function of HDL?
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They transport cholesterol away from tissues and to the liver and small intestine.
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What is hyperlipidemia?
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High levels of lipids in the blood.
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What should the total cholesterol level be?
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<200.
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what are the functions of lipids? |
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Which 3 elements are lipids made up from? |
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What is different about the elements and bonding in lipids compared to carbs? |
Not a coherent group of compounds. Hydrophobic and need to bond to protein (lipoproteins) to transport |
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In what form are lipids transported around the body? |
lipo-proteins (taxi) |
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What is a triglyceride? |
They make up the majority of dietary lipids. are esters of 3 fatty acids with 3C glycerol |
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3 functions of triglycerides |
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What is a saturated fat? |
single covalent bond each carbon atom is 'saturated' with hydrogen atoms. solid at room temperature |
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What is a mono-unsaturated fat? |
mono (one) double covalent bond = creates a bend liquid at room temp. |
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What is a poly-unsaturated fat? |
Poly (many) m more than one double bond == molecules are kinked liquid at room temp |
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What is CIS? |
Found in nature The hydrogen bonds are on the same side |
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What is a 'trans' fat? |
Un-natural the hydrogen bonds are on opposite side |
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What does essential fatty acid mean? |
EFA's are poly-unsaturated that cannot be constructed within the body |
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Give an example of one EFA from each family |
e.g. Alpha linolenic Acid (ALA) Family = Omega 3 *3 words = omega3 Linoleic Acid LA, Family = Omega 6 |
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Name 5 functions of EFA's |
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Why should you never heat polyunsaturated fats and EFA's? |
Easily become free radicals |
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What is a lipoprotein? |
Fat molecule joined to a protein so it can move in the bloodstream [-TAXI-] 0 0 |
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Which type of lipoprotein do we refer to as good cholesterol ? |
HDL collects cholesterol from the body tissues and transports it back to the liver |
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what can carry triglycerides from the intestines to the liver, muscles and adipose tissue? |
Chylomicons chylomicrons chylomicrons!!!!!!! |
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what do VLDL do? |
carry NEW triglycerides from liver to adipose tissue |
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What carry cholesterol from liver to the cells? |
LDL (bad) cholsterol |
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explain what a phospholipid is |
Phospholipids contain a glycerol part and twofatty acid chains This portion of the compound is polar, so can dissolve in water (the head) hydrophillic The other portion (the tail) is non-polar an interact only with other lipids |
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What special property does a phospholipid have? |
soluble on one side and insoluble on the other. Amphiphatic |
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Give an example of a steroid and name the molecule from which steroids are made in the body |
sex hormones - testosterone and oestrogen made from cholesterol |
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How is fat digested? |
1. Digestion of fat in the small intestine is helped by bile, made in the liver. 2. Bile salts breaks the fat/emulsifies into small droplets that are easier for the lipase enzymes to work on. 3. Pancreatic Lipase enzymes break down fat into fatty acids and glycerol. 4. Inside the enterocytes the TGs are rebuilt and packaged withcholesterol into chylomicrons |
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what is lipogenesis? |
Excess dietary energy from carbohydrates and protein is converted to triglycerides (making fat from sugar and proteins) |
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How do triglycerides go rancid? |
by releasing the fatty acidsfrom the glycerol They can also go rancid when the double bonds are oxidised |
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How many forms of lipids can you name? |
-- Individual fatty acids – Triglycerides – Phospholipids – Sphingolipids – Glycolipids – Cerebrosides – Cholesterol and related steroid based compounds – Fat-soluble vitamins – Waxes |
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Arachidonic acid is made from what? |
linoleic acid |
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Cholesterol is essential for the synthesis or action of: |
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What are the three stages of Fatty Acid Catabolism? |
1. Beta-oxidation. Occurs in the mitochondria. The FA is broken down to 2-C molecules: as acetylCoA. These enter the citric acid cycle, as do the acetyl CoA groups from glucosecatabolism 2. Acetyl CoA groups are oxidised, via the citric acid cycle, to CO2 and H2O 3. The electron transport chain converts NADH, FAD etc. to ATP, the "currency‟needed by energy-requiring reactions. |
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What does Lipoprotein lipase do? |
releases free fatty acids and glycerol from TG's |
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How are TGs mobilised from adipocytes ? |
by an enzyme, hormone- sensitive lipase, and released into the bloodstream |
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Name the Common dietary saturated fatty acids and their food sources: |
Myristic: coconut oil, butter Palmitic: palm oil, butter, salmon, egg yolks, beef Stearic: beef, butter, egg yolks |
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What are the main Food Sources of Monounsaturated FA? |
Oleic Acid safflower oil, olive oil, rape seed oil hazelnut oil,avocado |
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what are the food sources of Omega 6 - linoleic Acid? |
PUFA safflower oil, sunflower seeds and oil abundant in most plants and vegetable oils |
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what are the food sources of α-Linolenic acid (ALA) which omega is it? |
PUFA Omega 3 Flaxseed, hemp, canola seed, soybean, and walnut oils and in dark greenleaves, seaweed |
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what are the food sources of Gamma linolenic acid (GLA) which omega is it? |
PUFA (Omega 6) evening primrose oil (EPO), blackcurrant seed oil ,hemp and borage oils |
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what are the food sources of Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)? which omega is it? |
PUFA Omega 3 fish, human breast milk |
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what are the food sources of Lecithin and what type of lipid is it? |
Phospholipids eggs, liver, soybeans, wheatgerm, peanuts, spinach, legumes |
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List some Popular Uses of Alpha Linolenic Acid (Omega 3) |
Hypertension Heart disease Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Multiple sclerosis (MS) Lupus Diabetes Hypercholesterolemia Renal disease • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease• Migraine headache• Skin cancer• Depression • Psoriasis• Eczema• Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease |
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what are the ALA drug interactions/red flags? |
Prostate Cancer obesity Hyper triglyceridaemia Blood-thinning Medications Cholesterol-lowering Medications |
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GLA popular uses? |
Rheumatoid arthritis HyperlipidemiaHeart disease Syndrome-X Diabetic neuropathy • Chronic fatigue syndrome• Allergic rhinitis• Psoriasis• Eczema • DepressionAttention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) |
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GLA Adverse Reactions/Toxicity |
pregnancy Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) Phenothiazines for schizophrenia – |
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EPA Popular indications for use |
Depression Hypertension Coronary artery disease Schizophrenia Alzheimer‟s disease Diabetes Cystic fibrosis |
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EPA /DHA Combination popular indications for use examples... |
AsthmaHeart disease Cancer Eczema Depression Autoimmune conditions Hayfever |
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What should the omega 6:3 ratio be? |
Omega 6/3 ratio not more than 4:1 |
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EFA guidelines for vegans and veggies? |
1. Include good sources of alpha-linolenic acid in the daily diet, such as flaxseed oil 2. Moderate the use of oils rich in omega-6 fatty acids, and high-fat processed foods rich in theseoils. 3. Make the primary dietary fat monounsaturated, if consuming more than 15 percent of caloriesfrom fat 4. Consider including a direct source of EPA and/or DHA in the diet (Algae EPA/DHAsupplements) |
