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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is communication?
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the process whereby one individual stimulates meaning in the mind via verbal and/or nonverbal means
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What are the 3 parts of communication
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1. Comm is a process. Ongoing. Irreversible. Systematic
2. Comm is the stimulation of meaning (not the transfer of meaning). Our comm stimulates the other person to create meaning 3. Comm is both verbal and nonverbal |
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8 Propositions About Interpersonal Comm
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1. Comm has both verbal and nonverbal components
2. You cannot not communicate 3. Comm expresses both content and relationship 4. Meanings are in people 5. Comm is irreversible 6. Comm is a neutral tool 7. Comm is a learned skill 8. Comm takes place in physical and psychological content |
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Model of Interpersonal Comm.
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Environment (external noise)--> Feedback--> Feedback
Inside: message (channel) Source (encode) Receiver (decodes) Internal noise |
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Dispositional Anxiety
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Profoundly affected by it. Anxiety permeates most parts of their lives--what they do, how they experience their relationships, and how others percceive them. Problem starts early. (trait-like) . effects them everyday. Shy.
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Situational Anxiety
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Everyone experiences situational anxiety, which occurs when we encounter specific high-stress situations. Ex. embarrassment in convo, make important speech,
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Reasons for Communication Apprehension
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1. Inadequate Positive Reinforcement- people are raised to believe that speaking isn't good, and that staying quiet is the best approach. Talking is discouraged. No response when they tried to communicate. Learned Helplessness.
2. Poor Skill Development- people who are currently anxious about communication either acquired fewer comm skills when they were young or gained those skills later than their peers 3. Inadequate or poor models- by watching others who are poor models 2. |
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Ways to Manage, Reduce, or Overcome the fear of communicating.
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1. Systematic Desensitization- therapy that finds yourself slowly beginning to associate communication events with relaxation rather than nervousness. Underlying notion is that stage fright arises when you mentally associate speaking with nervousness.
2. Cognitive Therapy- when applied to stage fright, they're premised on the idea that you're afraid because you hold unrealistic beliefs about making presentations. You can challenge those beliefs, and make them fade in favor of beliefs that are more reasonable and useful to you. Visualization- cognitive therapy. imagine making the speech. |
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Blatant Plagiarism
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Purposefully stealing another person's work and representing it as your own original idea or expression
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Unintentional Plagiarism
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Plagiarizing without meaning to, usually because you don't understand the rules of scholarly documentation
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Cheating Vs Plagiarism
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Cheating is trying to get a better grade by trickery or deceit. Plagiarism is any submission of another's work as your own. Plagiarism is cheating but cheating isn't necessarily plagiarism.
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How can Unintentional Plagiarism be avoided?
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Paraphrase correctly. Quote. Cite sourcs. Direct quotations.
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Common Knowledge
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Information belonging to your culture as a whole, such as information obtained by your own senses, observation, logic, and reasoning.
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Proprietary Knowledge
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Information belonging to another person, including less well known facts, specific statistics, conceptual models, ideas, personal opinion, and critical analysis
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Accumulated Knowledge
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Information that you acquire over time through instruction, research, and experimental learning.
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What are some strategies for being an ethical audience member?
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Show up to presentations. Pay Attention. Do not walk out. Give verbal and nonverbal feedback.
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Cheating Vs Plagiarism
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Cheating is trying to get a better grade by trickery or deceit. Plagiarism is any submission of another's work as your own. Plagiarism is cheating but cheating isn't necessarily plagiarism.
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Hearing
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The physical process of sound waves bouncing off an eardrum.
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Listening
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Active and involved a series of 5 steps: receiving, understanding, remembering, evaluating, and responding.
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How can Unintentional Plagiarism be avoided?
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Paraphrase correctly. Quote. Cite sourcs. Direct quotations.
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Cheating Vs Plagiarism
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Cheating is trying to get a better grade by trickery or deceit. Plagiarism is any submission of another's work as your own. Plagiarism is cheating but cheating isn't necessarily plagiarism.
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5 Step Process of Listening
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1. Receiving (hearing, attending)
2. Understanding (learning, deciphering, meaning). Interpreting. Discriminating 3. Remembering (recalling, retaining) 4. Evaluating (judge, criticize) 5. Responding (answering, giving, feedback) |
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Common Knowledge
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Information belonging to your culture as a whole, such as information obtained by your own senses, observation, logic, and reasoning.
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Proprietary Knowledge
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Information belonging to another person, including less well known facts, specific statistics, conceptual models, ideas, personal opinion, and critical analysis
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Cheating Vs Plagiarism
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Cheating is trying to get a better grade by trickery or deceit. Plagiarism is any submission of another's work as your own. Plagiarism is cheating but cheating isn't necessarily plagiarism.
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How can Unintentional Plagiarism be avoided?
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Paraphrase correctly. Quote. Cite sourcs. Direct quotations.
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How can Unintentional Plagiarism be avoided?
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Paraphrase correctly. Quote. Cite sources. Direct quotations.
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Accumulated Knowledge
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Information that you acquire over time through instruction, research, and experimental learning.
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3 Contextual Barriers to Listening
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1. Location Matters
2. Cultural Differences 3. Gender Styles Cause Confusion |
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Common Knowledge
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Information belonging to your culture as a whole, such as information obtained by your own senses, observation, logic, and reasoning.
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Common Knowledge
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Information belonging to your culture as a whole, such as information obtained by your own senses, observation, logic, and reasoning.
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What are some strategies for being an ethical audience member?
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Show up to presentations. Pay Attention. Do not walk out. Give verbal and nonverbal feedback.
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Proprietary Knowledge
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Information belonging to another person, including less well known facts, specific statistics, conceptual models, ideas, personal opinion, and critical analysis
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Accumulated Knowledge
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Information that you acquire over time through instruction, research, and experimental learning.
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Proprietary Knowledge
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Information belonging to another person, including less well known facts, specific statistics, conceptual models, ideas, personal opinion, and critical analysis
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Hearing
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The physical process of sound waves bouncing off an eardrum.
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Accumulated Knowledge
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Information that you acquire over time through instruction, research, and experimental learning.
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Listening
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Active and involved a series of 5 steps: receiving, understanding, remembering, evaluating, and responding.
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What are some strategies for being an ethical audience member?
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Show up to presentations. Pay Attention. Do not walk out. Give verbal and nonverbal feedback.
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5 Step Process of Listening
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1. Receiving (hearing, attending)
2. Understanding (learning, deciphering, meaning). Interpreting. Discriminating 3. Remembering (recalling, retaining) 4. Evaluating (judge, criticize) 5. Responding (answering, giving, feedback) |
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What are some strategies for being an ethical audience member?
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Show up to presentations. Pay Attention. Do not walk out. Give verbal and nonverbal feedback.
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Hearing
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The physical process of sound waves bouncing off an eardrum.
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Hearing
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The physical process of sound waves bouncing off an eardrum.
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Listening
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Active and involved a series of 5 steps: receiving, understanding, remembering, evaluating, and responding.
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3 Contextual Barriers to Listening
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1. Location Matters
2. Cultural Differences 3. Gender Styles Cause Confusion |
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5 Step Process of Listening
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1. Receiving (hearing, attending)
2. Understanding (learning, deciphering, meaning). Interpreting. Discriminating 3. Remembering (recalling, retaining) 4. Evaluating (judge, criticize) 5. Responding (answering, giving, feedback) |
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Listening
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Active and involved a series of 5 steps: receiving, understanding, remembering, evaluating, and responding.
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5 Step Process of Listening
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1. Receiving (hearing, attending)
2. Understanding (learning, deciphering, meaning). Interpreting. Discriminating 3. Remembering (recalling, retaining) 4. Evaluating (judge, criticize) 5. Responding (answering, giving, feedback) |
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3 Contextual Barriers to Listening
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1. Location Matters
2. Cultural Differences 3. Gender Styles Cause Confusion |
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3 Contextual Barriers to Listening
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1. Location Matters
2. Cultural Differences 3. Gender Styles Cause Confusion |
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Why are audience-centered messages important?
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- an increased chance of reaching your presentation goals
-a reduced chance of poor presentation performance -the increased likelihood of audience connection and responsiveness -a reduced chance of embarrassment because you do not understand your audience -increased sensitivity to and recognition of diversity within audiences -an increased confidence level and self-assuredness on the part of the presenter -reduced chance of out of body experience on the presenter's part due to nervousnes or acute anxiety -increased chance of repeat requests for similar presentations -and a reduced chance of being rejected |
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What demographic information do speakers need in order to create an audience-centered speech?
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Age, sex, race, religious background, education level,general family background etc.
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What psychographic information do speakers need in order to create an audience centered speech?
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Values, beliefs, and ideology of your audience (likes/dislikes)
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What is the difference between a directive and dialogic interview?
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Directive Interview- an interview in which all questions are asked by the interviewer and answered by the interviewee
Dialogic Interview- An interview in which all parties both ask and answer questions |
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Highly Scheduled Interviews
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A highly scheduled interview structure is a detailed flowchart that contains all questions the interviewer is to ask. It allows no deviation in either the order or the wording of questions, thus requiring the interviewer to ask the same questions of each respondent in the same way. Ex. surveying a large population of people
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Non-scheduled Interview
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Consists of questions that introduce general topic areas and ideas, not specific issues.
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Moderately Scheduled Interview
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Divides the interview into specific, major questions with possible probing questions under each.
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Primary Questions
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Designed to open up new topics or areas within a topic and can be clearly understood independent of the sequence in which they are asked
Ex. What three courses at UT have helped you most in your career. |
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Secondary Questions
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Also called probing questions. Designed to delve deeper into a topic that you have already opened with a primary question. Use these questions to engage your interviewee and gather additional meaningful and relevant info. Ex. Why did you take that particular course?
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4 Types of Interview Probes
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1. Nudging Probes
2. Restatement Probes 3. Summary Probes 4. Closing Probes |
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Nudging Probe
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Can use verbal or nonverbal nudging probes (encouragement probes) to encourage a respondent who has stopped short of providing sufficient information or hesitates about revealing more info. Ex. Go on. Realy?
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Restatement Probe
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Can use to ask a question in a different way. Useful to steer a respondent back onto toppic, reintroduce an aspect of a question that hasnt been answered, reframe a question that was not understood, or exert subtle pressure in the face of a reluctance to answer
Ex. We were talking about classes you took at UT. What was another class you took? |
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Summary Probe
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Recap or paraphrase the ideas and thoughts of your respondent and reflect them back for comment.
Ex. So what you mean is that... |
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Closing Probe
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"Close the door" on a particular question or larger topic area as you prepare to move on to another secondary or primary question.
Ex. I'd like to move to my next question now. |
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Open Questions
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Give interviewees more freedom in determining the degree to which they will respond.
Ex. Tell me about your first job |
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Closed Questions
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Tend to restrict an interviewee's response to just a few options--and in many cases to only two: yes or no. Ex. Did you like your first job?
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Pitfalls of Interviewing
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- Poor paraphrasing will diminish your rapport with your respondent and compromise the value of the information you recieve. Try not to use ambiguous phrasing. Use language that is simple, specific, concrete, and clear.
- Irrelevant and offensive content- betray a lack of focus on your part, undercut your credibility, and derail the interview into a rambling convo. Distract your respondent from providing info you want to resolve. Unfriendly - Leading Questions- indicate to the respondent that you prefer one type of response over another -Speedy and guessing questions- prevent the respondent from responding. Speedy questions= two or more questions back to back w/out giving interviewee time to answer both. Guessing Questions= jump ahead of the interviewee to answer your own question, rather than waiting for the interviewee's thoughts and opinions. |
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Prevent pitfalls of Interviewing
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- Prepare a confidence building opening
-prepare a satisfying closing |
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Indicators of a Team that is doing well:
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- themes and identity (members identify with their team)
-Enthusiasm and energy - event-driven history -personal commitment -optimism -performance results |
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Common Reasons Teams Fail
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- unclear goals
-changing objectives that were poorly communicated -poor leadership -lack of mutual accountability -having the wrong people on the team -not prioritizing the team -misunderstanding roles -too much unhealthy confluct -bad process management (how the team is organized and run) -no rewards for teamwork |
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Assigned vs. Emergent Leadership
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Someone is assigned to be the official leader. Ex. Boss.
Emergent Leader- has some sway over the group, so fighting with him or her will only make the assigned leader look bad. |
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Task vs. Social Leadership
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Task- some people just want to get the work done. They feel pressured by perhaps time and other tasks move quickly through a project. They are focused. They don't want to waste time. They just want the project done.
Social Leadership- walk into a meeting carrying drinks and a DVD they want to watch. they will switch on their computer and show you some videos they just downloaded. They will tell a joke, and add some delicious gossip. |
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Autocratic Leaders
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Dictators
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Participative Leaders
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consider the input of their team members, but still make their own decisions
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Democratic Leader
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people who do not necessarily vote-count, try to reflect the team's wishes.
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Laissez-faire Leaders
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Free for all, leave it alone. These people demonstrate no leadership whatsoever.
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5 criteria for building team cohesion:
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- share similar goals
-have a common energy -spend time together on both task and non-task activities -work at respecting and trusting one another -have a series of successful experiences together |
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Social Loafing
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We let other do our work
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How can you avoid social loafing?
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-make the work more interesting
-make work identifiable -manage the team process |
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Groupthink
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When you put a team together composed of people who share many common beliefs and then place them under stress, they can end up becoming highly cohesive and simultaneously, very concerned about maintaining harmony. Doing what is easiest or what the majority wants without regard to new or different ideas.
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Consensus
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Informed and deliberate agreement
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3 things you can do prior to a meeting to make it more effective;
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- establish objectives for each meeting
-create the right environment for the meeting - people should come prepared |
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Leadership is a process
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Leadership is more accurately conceptualized as a progressive, ongoing actions, events, and behaviors that may or may not lead to a culminating event. Ex. president of student org trying to lobby the university admin to have a fall break.
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Leadership is dynamic and interactive
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Must take the views of their followers into account. Leadership involved a give and take between leaders and the led.
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Leadership Involves Influence
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A leader attempts to influence followers to achieve some goal. Regardless of the particular manner in which a leader goes about achieving these goals, influence is a precious commodity of leadership.
interactional framework- a framework conceptualizing leadership as occurring at the intersection of three elements: the leader, the follower, and the situation |
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Leadership is Purposeful
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Leaders are trying to get something done. STRATEGY
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Transactional Leader
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Uses a system of rewards and punishments to exert influence over followers
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Transformation Leader
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Gains influence from followers through a process that appeals to followers values and belief in a higher purpose to spur change in the status quo.
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Situational Leader
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Developed by Paul Hersey and Kenneth Blanchard as a way of matching appropriate leader behaviors based on the readiness level of followers. Categorized by 1) ability 2) willingness
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Supportive Leader
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facilitate teamwork and follower efforts through a two-way communication process that includes such behaviors as active listening and collaborative problem solving.
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Low and High Context
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low-context culture- meaning is expressed through explicit verbal messages. The US. Say what they mean and mean what they say. present facts, clear, explicit
high-context culture- emphasis on how intention or meaning can best be conveyed through the context and nonverbal channels. High context cultures require much more reading between the lines b/c comm must consider the background and history of the speaker-audience relationship. |
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Individualism
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Individualistic cultures value individidual identityy over group identity, individual rights over group rights, and individual needs over group needs
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Collectivism
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Asian, African, Latin and Arba countries. Team players, concerned with harmony, and group cohesion more than individuals' personal feelings. broad value tendencies of a culture in emphasizing the importance of the "we" identity over the "I" identity . group over individual
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Large-power distance
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Large power distance cultures are hierarchial, much like the military where there is a clear chain of command and communication interactions are dependent on where one's position falls on the hierarchy. Ex. Japan, China
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Small Power Distance
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Value equal power distributions, equal rights and relations, equitable rewards and punishment based on performance.
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Weak Uncertainty Avoidance
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conflict is perceived as natural and potentially positive. Ex. Us encourages risk and conflict-approaching modes
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Strong Uncertainty Avoidance
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Conflict is perceived as a threat and to be avoided. Ex. Japan, Greece
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Feminine-Masculine Roles
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gender roles are complimentary and distinct or are fluid and overlapping.
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General Comm Guidelines in Intercultural Communication Contexts
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- gestures
-self-disclosure -formality - eye contact |
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Public Speaking Guidelines in intercultural comm
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- speak slowly and clearly
-use multiple modes of presentation -elevate your level of formality - avoid humor -understand local politics |
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Paraphrasing
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the process where you re-articulate, in your own words, what your learned from consulting the research of an original author
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Directly Quoting
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The process of stating verbatim, in a presentation, information derived from an author other than oneself
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How do you judge the credibility of a website source?
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-authority (sponsors, wiki)
-accuracy (cite sources) -objectivity (whose interests are being served) -currency (page last updated) -diversity (no offensive material) |
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3 Rules for Communicating Research in your presentation
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1. make sure to mention all your sources in your presentation
2. anytime you introduce a new oral citation into your presentation you must provide a rationale as to why the course you have chosen is credible 3. After introducing a particular oral citation into your presentation, you do not need to include a rationale the next time you introduce that same oral citation |
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3 Common Mistakes that Lead to Unintentional Plagiarism
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common errors:
-removing quotation marks from a direct quote -disguising your copy -hiding the source to avoid -direct quotations -correct paraphrasing |
