Cmn 368 Exam 2 Final Draft

Front 1

Juno Effect

Back 1

Showing a positive outcome from pregnancy.
The movie Juno had a very happy ending, couple stayed together, parents not mad, found a home for baby. thinking everything will work out in the the end with the pregnancy because everything in that film turned out well

Front 2

"Killing Us Softly" video

Back 2

Jean Kilbourne
1. Silencing of women
2. Objectification of women and men - Women becoming the video game system
3. Thin ideal- Photoshopping ie. Kelly Clarkson
4. Trivialization of sex among young people
5. Men's self-esteem
6. Eroticizing of violence
7. Portrayal of women of color
--exposed to over 3000 ads a day
--ads very influential and educational
--8% of an ad is consumed by the conscious mind
--ads sell images, concepts, who we are and who we should be

Front 3

Sexual Scripts

Back 3

-Outline how we are to behave sexually when acting out our gender roles
--What we believe are the norms for sexuality in our given culture
EX: When to get married, first date, engagements

Front 4

Scripts

Back 4

Acts, rules, or expectations associated with a particular role
EX: smokey the bear

Front 5

Abstinence only

Back 5

-Info presented in a framework of morals/values
---no time devoted to contraception or homosexuality
---Students don’t understand what abstinence is or what constitutes sex.
---A lot of ambiguity/uncertainty.
Teaches:
----Morality related to sexual behavior
----Nothing about sex as a behavior
-----Studies have shown that abstinence only education DOES NOT work.

Front 6

Reasons Abstinence-Only May Not be effective

Back 6

---Sexual relationships require communication
-Cognitive dissonance and psychological reactance (If you tell them not to do it, they want to do it more)

Front 7

Background info about sex ed

Back 7

--more widespread than ever before
--The HIV/Aids epidemic led to a huge increase in the focus on sexual health education in the United States.
--By 1980, only 32% of people by the time they reached age 18 had received some kind of formal sexual education. In 2002, it was about 66% of people.
--Before the 1980s, most information about sexuality came from church groups/amongst peers.
--Now, there are more accessible outlets for sexual health information, such as public health outlets, local jails, media, & schools
--Most states require some type of sexual education class.
--students get information, but don't really know what to do with it (ex. how to communicate)

Front 8

Three Types of Sex Appeals: Blatant

Back 8

overt sexual or erotic imagery or language to attract attention
-not trying to hide that they're using sex to sell product; push boundaries
-ex. Victoria Secret; woman eating burger

Front 9

Three Types of Sex Appeals: Suggestive

Back 9

Hint at sexual tones without being explicit.
-not so overt. more subdued
- still trying to get attention using sex
-hint at sex & sexual activity without explicit appeal to sex
-jokes or innuendos

Front 10

Three Types of Sex Appeals: Symbolic

Back 10

Nothing overtly sexual
-an inanimate object used to show sex.
-language or imagery that mimics something erotic or sexual in nature
-nothing sexual upon first glance but the more you look at ad, you realize the sexual content
-rarely makes a sexual suggestion, however usually the way that the images are placed, creates the symbolism of erotic content
EX: BK ad with sandwich, Gucci belt

Front 11

Comprehensive Sex Ed

Back 11

---Topics adapted based on age of students
---benefits and consequences
---Do teach values
---Most schools can't implement this program due to the lack of resources
---Still advocate for abstinence (only way to be 100% safe)
---Teach through experiential activities
---Address media and peer pressure
---Enhance communication skills

Front 12

Covert Affection

Back 12

how men and women convey liking and affection towards one another
--in some cultures it is more acceptable for them to show affection but in the US it is seen as strange
--ex. not acceptable in US for men who are friends to hold hands

Front 13

Cultivation Hypothesis

Back 13

heavy exposure to TV will create beliefs about society based on television’s portrayal of society
(exposure -> beliefs -> attitudes)
-We learn about society based on how it is portrayed through the media.
-people don't like to believe that media has an effect on how we think, act, and our attitudes.

Front 14

Cultural Stereotype

Back 14

There are some prevailing ideas in our culture about particular groups of people. These attitudes are put into the media as stereotypes
-can produce stereotype threat
- the danger : that what shows up on TV ( stereotypical images of men and women) that will represent what society believes
-place genders in certain careers
-attitudes are put into the media as stereotypes

Front 15

Different Cultures

Back 15

-Men and women are actually from different cultures
-group up in segregated playgrounds, are socialized to have different values. Sexual intervention MUST
------boys = instrumental communication (competition, hierarchy, rules)
------girls = developing communication (harmony, nursing relationships)
—Men typically exaggerate sex stories & experiences (ex: satisfaction they gave their partner), talk about these sex experiences in public, talk about sex in general (not in the concept of their relationships)
—Women talk more privately & discretely about sex, talk about sex more in the concept of their relationships
--Sexual interventions (public service announcements) must use neutral communication styles.

Front 16

Different Skills Theory

Back 16

---Men and women do not differ in values and place similar importance on communication norms & behaviors.
---different abilities/priorities in communicating
--Both value:
-------being able to manage conflict effectively
-------being emotionally supportive
1. psychological intimacy: feeling closeness with friends and family but expressing in different ways
2. sexual communication: both place a value on this in terms of sexual health and communicating sexual desires. Women want to talk about sexual desires but men do not.
3. sexual taboos: Both have admitted using sex toys however men do not want to admit this

Front 17

Dilemmas with Sex Appeals

Back 17

-distraction from main message
-men and women often react differently to sex appeals
-biggest risks: overwhelming target is men, the "you've got a dirty mind" defense, banning ads

Front 18

Five Theories of Gender and Communication

Back 18

1. Male Dominance Theory
2. Different Cultures Theory
3. Different Skills Theory
4. Minimal Differences Theory
5. Social Roles Theory

Front 19

4 Functions of Sex Appeals in Advertising

Back 19

1. Attract Attention
2. Increase recall of ad, brand, and message
3. Trigger associative networks (link one idea to another. Associate sex appeals with something positive)
4. Influence purchasing behavior

Front 20

How can TV restrict academic and professional opportunities?

Back 20

Rationale (stereotypes)
Gender differences exist in career fields because of cultural stereotypes.
Cultural stereotypes in the media can produce stereotype threat.

Front 21

Information based

Back 21

-Provides students with facts... no information about skills such as how to use condom use in a conversation with a partner
-Information about safe sex practices
-Assumption that adolescents know what to do with the information they are given
-studies show that application is as important as information

Front 22

3 Issues important to consider with gendered sexual communication

Back 22

-covert affection
-language differentiation
-naming practices

Front 23

Kunkel's "Sex on TV" Findings

Back 23

Measured Sexual talk and sexual behavior.
77% of shows have sexual content
Increase from 90s-00s
-something sex related every 10 min
-in all shows with sexual content, less than 15% talk about responsibilities when having sex

Front 24

Language Differentiation

Back 24

how we refer to a promiscuous man vs. woman
- women: more derrogatory
different terms used for men & women, the terms we use to refer to a promiscuous woman are much more derogatory than the terms for a promiscuous man

Front 25

Long-Term Orientation

Back 25

-Think about things in the moment or more concerned about long term outcomes
-being concerned with future goals vs instant gratification (in the moment)

Front 26

Male Dominance Theory

Back 26

Men have historically held more social power than women
Due to this imbalance of power, men may dominate women in conversation.
Women adapt coping strategies to avoid punishment.
-Men tend to interrupt more
-Men might try to control the topics of conversation
- ex. man interrupting woman and woman letting it happen

Front 27

Minimal Differences

Back 27

--Men and women are much more similar than different
--differences in communication is a result of something other than sex/gender
--leads to potential for stereotyping and confirmation bias
--Sexual communication does not necessarily reflect experiences, both willing to give advice but may have not been involved in it before.
--Cultural influences:
----------Differences in communication; men and women in US and Netherlands Similar.
--Perceptions/attitudes toward premarital sex
----------men and women feel the same way if from different cultures.
Areas where similar:
- sexual communication doesnt necessarily reflect experiences, may just talk about sexual production methods
-cultural influences
evidenced by inter-cultural differences & co-cultural similarities

Front 28

Naming practices

Back 28

When it comes to talking about and referring to men and women.
in work place, call men by their titles while we call women by name
tendency to recognize a man's status more than a woman's in the workplace

Front 29

Prevention based

Back 29

- Emphasizes on dangers and risks of sexual intercourse
-Fails to enhance negotiation skills
-Doesn't account for the context in which sex occurs
-Attempts to scare them (take home baby doll, show STI pictures, show live birth videos) into compliance

Front 30

Research findings related to episode of "Friends"

Back 30

•When children watch it with their parents they were 2x as likely to better recall condom effectiveness and twice as likely to say they learned something about condoms
•Nearly 30% recalled "condoms were between 95-100% effective"
•Perceptions of condom effectiveness changed
•Almost 25% viewers talked with an adult about the episode

Front 31

Sex Appeals

Back 31

attempts to influence an audience to adopt specific attitudes and/or behaviors by employing sexual imagery or language to entice, titillate, or cajole

Front 32

Six Factors for Delaying Sexual Debut

Back 32

1. Parental Monitoring (ex monitoring Facebook)
2. Engagement in family activities
3. Parental support and connectedness
4. Parental trust
5. Family structure (two parent households)
6. Quality of relationship

Front 33

Social Roles Theory

Back 33

*PUNISHMENTS & REWARDS depending on actions
---gender roles developed concerning expectations about the characteristics and behaviors of women and men
---both sexes know the rules and how they apply differently depending on sex
---we are socialized to fit a role that is associated with our sex
---how do we learn what it means to be a man/woman
ex: little boy dressed as Daphne is punished

Front 34

Stereotype Threat

Back 34

--if you think that you don't fit the cultural stereotype, it causes anxiety and stress
---Cultural stereotypes in the media can produce stereotype threat.

Front 35

Techniques parents use to talk to their children about sex

Back 35

•Dominate conversation (contentious, expressive, dramatic, and parent dominate communication)
•No talk (avoid the issue altogether or some parents wait for the child to bring it up)
•Fear appeal ( "scare" adolescents into abstinence or safe sex (however, that increases their interests))
•Story telling (provide personal narrative/examples from own life (however, it can backfire but children do not want to think about their parents as sexual beings))
•Yelling/ Lectures (make assumptions about a child sexual behaviors)

Front 36

Teen Pregnancy in the US

Back 36

Teen pregnancy highest in industrialized world.
35% pregnant before age 20.
95% unintentional
Exposure to sexual content on TV is significantly related to pregnancy

Front 37

Traditional Scripts: Men

Back 37

1. Men shouldn't have (or express) certain feelings
2. The man is in charge (knows what to do to pleasure woman)
3. Man always wants sex and are ready for it
4. All physical contact leads to sex

Front 38

Traditional Scripts: Women

Back 38

1. Sex is both good and bad (good when in a committed relationship)
2. Sex is for men (don't find it pleasurable but do it for partner. Feelings over sex)
3. Men should know what women want
4. Women are the caregivers/nurturers (put themselves second, not expect to receive same back)

Front 39

What are some tips for parents for talking about sex with their children?

Back 39

1. Get on the same page (be very clear with expectations of what they want their children to do or learn)
2. Utilize popular media
3. Timing is everything
4. Teens prefer to discuss sex with peers

Front 40

What are the three types of sex ed programs in schools?

Back 40

1. Abstinence only
2. Information based
3. Prevention based

Front 41

What populations are targeted for sex ed and why?

Back 41

-Children & Adolescents are the largest target group and the primary focus (biological & societal changes)
-Parents (are an important part of the process, so need to be educated)
-At Risk Adults (drug users, people in prison, elderly people)

Front 42

What verbal behaviors should parents use when talking about sex to to their children?

Back 42

-informal & friendly
-attentive, & receptive
-mutual interactive communication
-use humor & sarcasm
-customize message for each kid

Front 43

Who is Dr. Joyce Elders?

Back 43

-surgeon general who fought against abstinence-only programing with the message that teens should masturbate

Front 44

Why children don't talk about sex

Back 44

Unimportant to discuss
Afraid of tarnishing image
Experience Anxiety

Front 45

Why parents don’t talk about sex

Back 45

—Disconnect between attitude and behavior (Say it is important to talk about sex but do not follow through)
—inaccurate assumptions about sexual activity
—Focused on negatives

Front 46

Why parents & children don’t talk about sex

Back 46

-Feel Reluctant.
-embarrassed
-avoidance
-consider private

Why do children prefer to talk about sex with their mothers?///Historically women were in the home and more accessible
-More direct communication with mother
-Greater investment in the maternal than the paternal relationship
-Sexual orientation disclosure (mothers more supportive)

Front 47

Why do sons disclose to their fathers about sex?

Back 47

-sons attempt to elicit support/bond
-daughters care less about paternal bond

Front 48

Why is it important for parents to talk to children about sex?

Back 48

-child is less likely to have sex at young age
-more likely to practice safe sex
-more comfortable discussing sex with parents
-more successful with transition to adulthood
-parent can reduce negative peer influence

How does gender influence mother-child communication regarding sexual behavior?///---Positive communication with mother = delayed sexual debut, lower rates of sexual behavior, and healthier romantic relationships
---Gender: girls communicate w/parents more than boys. Sexual communication is more effective with girls than with boys.
---Early dating: children who date younger have an earlier sexual debut, and are more likely to have STDs

Front 49

Updates to Abstinence only

Back 49

•In 2016, CPS will begin sexual education in grades K-12
•President Obama has allocated more funding to abstinence-only programs
•Utah mandated abstinence-only curriculum but vetoed by governor
•Illinois voted for comprehensive sex ed (schools CANNOT offer abstinence-only)

Front 50

Ways of Increasing Sex Ed Effectiveness

Back 50

•Methods of giving info:
1) Reciprocity
2) Message tailoring
3) Complimentary methods
• Content covered:
1) cover a wide variety of topics
2) avoid threats
3) portray sexuality as positive and health aspect of life
4) humor