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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are some myths about nonverbal communication?
nonverbal cmn |
1. nonverbal conveys more meaning than verbal
2. liars avoid eye contact 3. studying nonverbal will help detect lying 4. nonverbal cmn is universal 5. when messages conflict, you should believe the nonverbal |
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what are emblems?
nonverbal cmn |
-substitutes for words
EX: "ok" sign, wave, hitchhiker's thumb |
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what are illustrators?
nonverbal cmn |
-literally illustrate verbal messages
EX: hands far apart when talking about something large |
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what are affect displays?
nonverbal cmn |
-facial expressions, communicate emotional meaning
EX: expressions of happiness, surprise, fear, anger, sadness... |
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what are regulators?
nonverbal cmn |
-monitor, maintain, control the speaking of another individual
EX: facial expressions/hand gestures saying "keep going" "slow down..." |
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what are adaptors?
nonverbal cmn |
-unintentional body movements that satisfy a need
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what are self adaptors?
nonverbal cmn |
-satisfy a physical need, to make self more comfortable
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what are alter adaptors?
nonverbal cmn |
-body movements you make in response to current interactions
EX: crossing arm when unpleasant person approaches |
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what are object adaptors?
nonverbal cmn |
-movements that involve manipulation of an object
EX: clicking pen, chewing on pencil |
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what is body appearance?
nonverbal cmn |
-body cmn that doesn't involve movement
EX: physical characteristics --> height, weight, skin/eye/hair color... |
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what facial management techniques can be used to communicate feelings one wants to convey?
nonverbal cmn |
1. intensify: exaggerate
2. deintensify: underplay 3. neutralize: hide 4. mask: replace/substitute 5. stimulate: when you don't feel an emotion |
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what does facial feedback hypothesis say about connection b/w facial expression & physiological arousal?
nonverbal cmn |
-you facial expressions influence your physiological arousal
-facial expressions can produce/heighten some feelings but not all (happy) |
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what are some functions of eye contact?
nonverbal cmn |
-monitor feedback
-secure attention/interest -regulate conversation -signal the nature of relationship (positive/negative) -signal status/aggression -compensate for physical distance |
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when does civil inattention occur?
what does it mean? nonverbal cmn |
-eye avoidance
-when you avoid eye contact/avert glance, you allow others to maintain privacy EX: couple fighting on bus... |
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what are the meanings of touch?
nonverbal cmn |
-positive emotions
-playfulness (lightens interactions) -control -ritualistic -task related |
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what is control touch mean?
nonverbal cmn |
-control behaviors, attitudes, feelings of the other person
EX: move over, hurry, stay here, do it... |
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what is ritualistic touch?
nonverbal cmn |
-greetings, departures
EX: shaking hands.... |
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what is task-related touch?
nonverbal cmn |
-performance w/a function
EX: helping someone out of car, checking for fever... |
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what is paralanguage?
what are the dimensions of it? nonverbal cmn |
-vocal but nonverbal dimension of speech
-the manner in which you say something, not what you say -rate -stress -volume -pitch |
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what does research suggest about the relationship b/w speech rate and persuasiveness of speech?
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-speech rate related to persuasiveness
-those who talk faster are more persuasive -evaluated more highly |
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what are some functions of silence?
nonverbal cmn |
-give people time to think
-communicate emotional responses -hurt others -response to anxiety (shyness, threats) |
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what are the 4 proxemic distances?
what are the distances for each of them? nonverbal cmn |
1. intimate (0-18 in)
2. personal (.5-4ft) 3. social (4-12ft) 4. public (12-25+ft) |
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what does the expectancy violations theory explain?
nonverbal cmn |
-explains what happens when you increase/decrease distance b/w yourself and another
-if violate expected to great distance, the relationship comes into focus -if they perceive you positively (status/attractiveness), then you'll be perceived even more positively |
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what are the 3 types of territories?
nonverbal cmn |
1. primary
2. secondary 3. public |
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what is a primary territory?
nonverbal cmn |
-areas you call your own
EX: room, desk, office... |
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what is a secondary territory?
nonverbal cmn |
-areas that don't belong to you but you have occupied/associated with
EX: desk, table you eat at, neighborhood... |
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what is a public territory?
nonverbal cmn |
-areas open to all
-areas used by all EX: movie theatre, restaurant... |
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what are the 3 types of markers of territories?
nonverbal cmn |
1. central
2. boundary 3. ear |
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what is a central marker?
nonverbal cmn |
-items you place in a territory to reserve it for you
EX: sweater over a library chair, books on your desk... |
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what is a boundary marker?
nonverbal cmn |
-boundaries that divide your territory from others
EX: the bar at the supermarket checkout line, armrests, fences... |
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what is an ear marker?
nonverbal cmn |
-identifying marks that indicate your possession of a territory, object
EX: trademarks, nameplates, monograms |
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what is artifactual cmn?
what consists of artifactual cmn? nonverbal cmn |
-messages conveyed by objects that are human made
-space decoration -color cmn -clothing/body adornment -perfume... EX: wedding ring = taken, clothing = social group... |
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how is culture related to nonverbal cmn through:
-gestures -eye cmn -paralanguage -silence -colors nonverbal cmn |
-in diff. cultures, they have diff. meanings about colors, silence, paralanguage, diff. gestures mean diff. things...
-cultural differences |
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what are the 3 views of emotion?
emotional messages |
1. commonsense
-event-->emotion-->physiologically 2. james lange -event-->physiologically-->emotion 3. cognitive labeling theory -event-->physiologically-->interpret-->emotion |
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how many types of emotions are there?
emotional messages |
-2
1. primary: -joy, acceptance, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, anticipation 2. blended |
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emotions are influenced by what?
emotional messages |
-body: bodily reactions
-mind: mental evaluations, interpretations -culture: cultural context |
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emotions can also be...?
emotional messages |
-adaptive: help you adjust to situations
-maladaptive: get in way of accomplishing goals -phobias -avoid catastrophizing, blow things out of proportion |
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what are the 3 things that emotional expression is governed by?
emotional messages |
1. cultural rules
2. situational rules 3. family rules |
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what do gender display rules mean?
emotional messages |
-how men/women should display emotions, vary b/w cultures...
-women smile/talk more... |
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what are emotional appeals?
emotional messages |
-emotions are contagious, pass from person to person
-appeals to viewer's emotions -pick up their cues & sympathize with them |
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what are obstacles to communication emotions?
emotional messages |
-societal, cultural customs
-men cowboys -fear -emotional expression makes you more vulnerable to attack -emotional expression may lead to conflict, hurt relationships -inadequate interpersonal skills -those can't express their feelings.. |
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what is the difference b/w emotions, feelings, mood?
emotional messages |
-emotions: intense physiological response
-feelings: minor, small emotions - transient brief periods of time -mood: persistent, longlasting, low-level emotion/intensity -general global constant mentality feeling |
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what are some skills for understanding your feelings?
emotional messages |
-be flexible
-what am i feeling? -what made me feel this way -what are my choices -what do i want to communicate |
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how would you describe your feelings when trying to express your emotion?
emotional messages |
-be specific
-describe reasons for feeling -address mixed feelings -try to anchor in present -own your feelings -ask for what you want |
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how would you respond to the emotions of others?
emotional messages |
-look for nonverbal cues
-what do they want you to do -active listening -empathize -focus on the other |
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what is the ventilation hypothesis?
emotional messages |
-expressing your emotions allows you to ventilate your negative feelings
-beneficial effect on your physical health, mental well being... |
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what is the anger management technique SCREAM?
emotional messages |
-S: self
-C: context -R: receiver -E: effect (immediate) -A: aftermath -M: messages |
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what are the 5 stages in the conversational process?
conversational messages |
1. opening
2. feedfoward 3. business 4. feedback 5. closing |
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what is phatic cmn?
conversational messages |
-greetings
-message that establishes a connection b/w 2 ppl -opens up the channels for more meaningful interaction |
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what are some dimensions of feedback?
conversational messages |
-positive-negative
-person-message focused -immediate-delayed -low-high monitoring -supportive-critical |
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what approaches/techniques can be used to initiate a conversation?
conversational messages |
-self-references: say something about yourself
-other-references -relational references: may i join you... -context: do you have the time... -cute-flippant openers: indirect -innocuous: ambiguous - what do you think of the band? -direct |
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what are the 4 conversation maxims?
conversational messages |
1. quantity
2. quality (truth) 3. relation (relevant) 4. manner (social manners) |
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what are the 3 principles of maintaining conversations?
conversational messages |
1. cooperation
2. dialogue 3. turn taking |
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what are the 2 types of speaker cues?
conversational messages |
1. turn maintenance
2. turn yielding |
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what are the 2 types of listener cues?
conversational messages |
1. turn requesting
2. turn denying 3. back-channeling |
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what is the difference b/w back-channeling cues and interruption?
conversational messages |
-back-channeling: communicate info to speaker w/out assuming role of speaker
EX: uh huh, mmhm... -interruption: attempt to take role of speaker, power move, gender differences |
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what is self-disclosure?
conversational messages |
-un/intentionally revealing info about yourself
-occurs in all forms of cmn -EX: wedding ring, etc... |
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what are some factors that influence likelihood of self disclosure?
conversational messages |
-personality (intro/extrovert)
-culture -gender -the listeners -the topic (harmless v. sensitive) |
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what are some rewards of self disclosure?
conversational messages |
-greater self knowledge
-increased relational effectiveness -better health |
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what are some risks of self disclosure?
conversational messages |
-personal
-relational -professional |
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what are some guidelines to follow for making self-disclosures?
conversational messages |
-appropriate motivation
-appropriate context -gradually -w/out imposing burdens on yourself/others |
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what is the social presence theory?
what is the social info theory SIP? conversational messages |
-social presence:
-# of messages influences degree to which cmn is personal/impersonal -SIP: -contrary to social presence -whether you're communication face-face or online --> can communicate same degree of personal involvement/close relationships -just over extended time period... |
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what are the 6 stages of relationship development?
interpersonal relationships |
1. contact
2. involvement 3. intimacy 4. deterioration 5. repair 6. dissolution |
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what are relationship turning points?
interpersonal relationships |
-significant relationship events that have important consequences
-pos/neg -vary w/culture -vary w/each state |
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what happens at the contact stage?
interpersonal relationships |
-perceptual: see, hear, read a message from a person
-interactional: superficial/impersonal, exchange basic info... |
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what happens at the involvement stage?
interpersonal relationships |
-testing: whether your initial judgment proves reasonable
intensifying: if you want to continue it |
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what happens at the intimacy stage?
interpersonal relationships |
-interpersonal commitment: 2 people commit to each other in a private way
-social bonding: commitment is made public --> become an identifiable pair |
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what happens at the deterioration stage?
interpersonal relationships |
-intrapersonal dissatisfaction: personal dissatisfaction
-interpersonal deterioration: you withdraw, grow farther apart |
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what are the 6 relationship theories?
interpersonal relationships |
1. attraction
2. relationship rules 3. relationship dialectics 4 social penetration 5. social exchange 6. equity |
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what is the attraction theory?
what factors influence degree of attraction? interpersonal relationships |
-form relationships based on attraction
-proximity -similarity -reinforcement -physical/personality -socioeconomic/education status |
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what is the relationship rules theory?
what rules are in this theory? interpersonal relationships |
-relations are held together by adherence to certain rules
-family -friendship -romantic |
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what is the relationship dialectics theory?
interpersonal relationships |
-people in a relationship experience dynamic tensions b/w pairs of opposing motives/desires
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what are the 3 dialectics in the relationship dialectics theory?
interpersonal relationships |
1. closed-open: be in a closed relationship while wish to also be in a relationship that is open to diff. people
2. autonomy-connection: be independent but also to connect intimately 3. novelty-predictability: newness/diff experiences, adventure while stability, sameness |
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what is the social penetration theory?
interpersonal relationships |
-breadth, depth
-depentration |
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what is the social exchange theory?
interpersonal relationships |
-people develop relationships that enable them to maximize their profits
-rewards, costs, profit, losses |
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what is comparison level vs. comparison level of alternatives?
social exchange theory interpersonal relationships |
-comparison level: general idea of the kinds of awards/profits that you feel you should get out of a relationship
-alternatives: compare profits from current relationship w/profits you think you could get from other/alternative relationships |
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what is the equity theory?
interpersonal relationships |
-develop/maintain relationships in which their ration of rewards-costs is approximately = to their partners
-rewards that are proportional to their costs |
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what does the uncertainty reduction theory say about relationship development?
interpersonal relationships |
-describes relationship development as a process of reducing uncertainty about each other
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what strategies can be used during the involvement stage of a relationship?
interpersonal relationships |
-ask Qs
-public presentation -3rd party -separation |
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what strategies are used for maintaining a relationship?
interpersonal relationships |
-be nice
-communicate -be open -joint activities -improve yourself |
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what are causes of relationship deterioration?
interpersonal relationships |
-poor cmn
-3party relationships -relationship changes - diff. goals, interests... -sex/work problems -financial difficulties -unrealistic/diff. beliefs about relationships |
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what are some cmn patterns in relationship deterioration?
interpersonal relationships |
-withdrawal
-decline in self disclosure -deception -decrease in positive messages -increase in negative messages |
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how would you do interpersonal repair?
interpersonal relationships |
-recognize problem
-productive conflict resolution -pose possible solutions -affirm each other -integrate solutions in normal behaviors -risk |
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how would you do intrapersonal repair?
interpersonal relationships |
-recognize cmn is circular
-redefine expectations |
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what is the circular view of relationship problems?
interpersonal relationships |
-no specific behavior is singled out as a stimulus/response
-no 1 party is responsible --> it's a cycle |
