Cmd377

Front 1

what is the central nervous system composed of

Back 1

the brain and the spinal cord

Front 2

where does the central nervous system lie within

Back 2

the skull and the vertebrae

Front 3

what does the CNS include

Back 3

cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem and spinal cord

Front 4

is the CNS composed of tracts and nuclei or ganglia and nerves

Back 4

tracts and nuclei

Front 5

what is the nuclei of the CNS

Back 5

group of cell bodies. cell bodies form gray matter in cortex.

Front 6

where is the gray matter in cortex

Back 6

outside layer of the brain

Front 7

what is the tracts of the CNS

Back 7

fibers. primarily axons. fibers form white matter. inside of the brain. (highways-used to convey information from one place to another)

Front 8

what is the peripheral nervous system made up of

Back 8

everything except for the brain and spinal cord

Front 9

what is the PNS composed of

Back 9

ganglia and nerves

Front 10

what is ganglia

Back 10

groups of cell bodies outside the CNS

Front 11

what is nerves (in the PNS)

Back 11

spinal and cranial nerves

Front 12

what can the PNS be divided into

Back 12

autonomic NS and somatic NS

Front 13

what is the autonomic NS

Back 13

regulation of internal body function (e.g. glands) breathing, blood pressure....

Front 14

what is somatic NS

Back 14

enables us to perceive sensory stimuli and carry on volition motor activity. (UNDER VOLUNTARY CONTROL)

Front 15

what are the three subdivisions of the brain

Back 15

the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem

Front 16

what is the cerebrum subdivided into

Back 16

the cerbral hemispheres and the diencephalon

Front 17

what is the diencephalon

Back 17

it is interposed between the cerebral hemispheres and hte brainstem. it is mostly hidden from view unless you cut the brain.

Front 18

based on location what are the three divisions of the brain

Back 18

forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain.

Front 19

what is included in the forebrain

Back 19

cerebral hemispheres, deep cerebral nuclei and diencephalon

Front 20

what is included in the midbrain

Back 20

part of the brain stem

Front 21

what is included in the hindbrain

Back 21

pons and medulla. and cerebellum

Front 22

list the three derms

Back 22

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Front 23

what is the ectoderm

Back 23

(outer) the skin and brain

Front 24

what is the mesoderm

Back 24

(middle) connective tissue, muscles, bone, circulatory system

Front 25

what is the endoderm

Back 25

(inner) inner tubes (gastrointestinal tracts, the lungs.

Front 26

what is the neural ectoderm

Back 26

the neural plate
-the nerual tube and neural crest

Front 27

what are the steps of primary neurulation

Back 27

1. neural plate formed at week 3 of embryonic development. the neural plate is formed by the band of ectoderm thickening.
2. the neral plate begins to fold inward, forming the neral groove. there is a neral fold on each side of the groove
3. at the end of week 3, the neral folds being to fuse, forming the neural tube.

Front 28

during embryogenesis, what happens as the neural tube closes

Back 28

it separates from the ectodermal surface.

Front 29

what does the neural tube form

Back 29

the cns

Front 30

during fusion, groups of cells from the crest of each neural fold separates from the neural tube forming the

Back 30

PNS

Front 31

the cavity in the neral tube becomes the

Back 31

ventricular system of the brain

Front 32

what happens during the 4th week of embryonic development

Back 32

the caudal part of hte neral tube differentiates into two plates

Front 33

what is the caudal part of the neural tube comprised of

Back 33

spinal cord and brainstem

Front 34

sulculs limitans

Back 34

divides the lateral wall of hte neural tube into two halves.

Front 35

what are the two halves of the wall of the neural tube

Back 35

1. dorsal half forms an alar plate which becomes the cells concerned with sensory processing( in the brain)
2. ventral half forms the basal plate which becomes motor neurons (moving something)

Front 36

in the adult spinal cord, the central gray matter can be divided into what two parts

Back 36

1. an anterior horn which contains the cell bodies of motor neurons
2. a posterior horn which contains the sensory neurons

Front 37

what appears during the fourth week?

Back 37

three primary vesicles (bulges)

Front 38

list the three primary vesicles and say where they are located

Back 38

1. Prosencephalon:forebrain->cerbrum
2. Mesencephalon: midbrain->midbrain
3. Rhombencephalon: hindbrain-> brainstem and cerbellum

Front 39

what are the two flexures that divide these vesicles

Back 39

1. cephalic flexure between the prosencephalon and the mesencephalon
2. cerrical flexure between the rhombencephalon and the spinal cord

Front 40

what happens with the vescicles during the 5th week?

Back 40

3 vesicles turns into 5 vesicles

Front 41

list the five vesicles found during the fifth week

Back 41

prosencephalon divides into
1. Telencephalon->cerebral hemispheres
2. Diencephalon-> thalamus, hypothalamus
3. mesencephalon remains undivided

Rhombencephalon divides into
4. Metencephalon-> pons, cerebellum
5. Myelencephalon-> medulla

Front 42

what is the new flexure found in the fifth week. and where is it found

Back 42

Pontine flexure- divides the rhombencephalon into two parts

Front 43

in the brainstem: in the process of forming the fourth ventricle, what happens to the neural tube

Back 43

the walls of the neural tube spread apart (flatten out)

Front 44

what happens to the alar and basal plates

Back 44

they come to lie in the floor of the fourth ventricle.

Front 45

where are the sensory nuclei located in the brainstem

Back 45

located laterally (these move out)

Front 46

where are the motor nuclei located in the brainstem

Back 46

located medially (these don't move)

Front 47

in the development of the cerebrum and the cerebellum, what happens to the telecephalon

Back 47

it grows very fast and covers the diencephalon. you cannot see the diencephalon from the side anymore)

Front 48

what is insula

Back 48

it is the telecephalic tissue overlying the fusion between telecephalon and diencephalon. it becomes hidden from view later in the development

Front 49

what happens during the second month to the alar plate

Back 49

hte lateral parts of the alar plate in the brainstem thickens to form the rhombic lips-> becomes to cerebellum which has a lot to do with sensory

Front 50

what forms in the cavity of the neural tube?

Back 50

the ventricular system of the adult brain

Front 51

list the 4 ventricles and say in which vesicle they are located

also label the small tube

Back 51

-two lateral ventricles: in the telencephalon(one in each hemisphere)
-the third ventricle: in diencephalon
-the fourth ventricle: in metencephalon and myelencephalon (in pons and medulla)
central canal (very small tube): in spinal cord ( in the middle of the gray matter